PLTX standard (from Palythoa tuberculosa) was purchased from Wako Chemicals GmbH (Germany). For quantitative analysis, concentrations of the target compounds (isoPLTX and OVTX -a to -g analogues) were determined as their respective PLTX equivalents. The stock standard solution (100 µg mL−1) was individually prepared by weight in MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v) in a precision balance (Mettler Toledo AG425, Columbus, OH, US). For quantification, calibration solutions of PLTX were prepared from the stock standard solution at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 5 µg mL−1 in MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v). All standard solution aliquots were stored at −20 °C until use. LC–MS grade (>99%) water and organic solvents (acetonitrile and formic acid) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The mobile phases were filtered through 0.22 µm Nylon membrane filters (Whatman, Clifton, NJ, USA) before use. Nitrogen gas (99.95%, from Linde, Barcelona, Spain) was used as sheath gas and auxiliary gas in the ionization source. The 25 mm GF/F glass fiber filters were purchased from Whatman (Clifton, NJ, USA). The Lugol solution used to fix culture samples for Ostreopsis cell counts was prepared following Andersen and Throndsen (2004), with potassium iodide (KI) and iodine (I2) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) [77 ].
Iodine i2
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Iodine (I2) is a chemical element with the atomic number 53. It is a solid at room temperature and is a member of the halogen group. Iodine is a dark purple-black crystalline solid with a distinct odor. It is commonly used in laboratory settings as a reagent and has various applications in scientific research and analysis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Potassium iodide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Nylon membrane filter, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Nitrogen gas, by Linde (1 mentions)
25 mm gf f glass fiber filters, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Whatman, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Magnesium powder mg, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hexachloro platinic acid h2ptcl6, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Guanidium thiocyanate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Valeronitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 tert butylpyridine 4 tbp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanol absolute for analysis, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid ch3cooh, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gallic acid 3 4 5 trihydrobenzoic acid anhydrous for synthesis, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 tert butylpyridine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fluorine doped tin oxide fto, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethylbenzene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
14 protocols using iodine i2
1
Palytoxin Quantification Protocol
2
Polymerization of Propylene using Magnesium-based Catalyst
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Magnesium powder (Mg, particle size = 0.06–0.3 mm) was purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Iodine (I2, purity > 99.0%, Merck KGaA) was used as an initiator. Ethanol (purity > 99.5%), n-heptane (purity > 99.0%) and toluene (purity > 99.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. They were dried over a 3A molecular sieve, followed by N2 bubbling. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4, special grade) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP, purity > 98.0%) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industry Ltd., Richmond, VA, USA and used as received. Polymerization-grade propylene was donated by Japan Polypropylene Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Triethyl aluminum (TEA) as a cocatalyst was donated by Tosoh Finechem Corp., Shunan, Japan and used as a diluted solution in heptane. Cyclohexyl (dimethoxy) methylsilane (CMDMS, purity > 98.0%) as an external donor was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. and used as a diluted solution in heptane.
3
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Protocol
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N719 dye: [cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2-bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis-tetra butyl ammonium], acetonitrile, valeronitrile, guanidium thiocyanate, hexachloro platinic acid (H2PtCl6), 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-tBP) and 2-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Iodine (I2) and lithium iodide (LiI) were obtained from Merck. Titania pastes were prepared in research laboratory [3] . Dye solutions (0.3 mM) containing different amounts of CA were prepared and used to sensitize the TiO2 electrodes.
4
Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content Determination
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Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydrobenzoic acid) anhydrous for synthesis was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol absolute for analysis, acetate buffer (CH3COONa·3H2O), Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium iodide (KI) and iodine (I2) were purchased from Merck. Starch (from rice) was purchased from BIOTREK S.A.C.I. (Athens, Greece). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Potassium chloride (0.1 M, 1413 μS/cm) used for the calibration of conductivity meter was purchased from Hanna (HI 7031, Hanna Instruments, Inc., Woonsocket, RI, USA).
5
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication
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TiO2 nanoparticles (21 nm), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), platinum chloride (H2PtCl6), lithium iodide (LiI), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and iodine (I2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Squarine (SQ2) and 60 μm thick Surlyn were bought from Solaronix. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile and ethanol (≥99%) were purchased from Merck, and Ultrapure water was obtained from Millipore System, (18.2 MΩ·cm). The conducting glass substrate with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FTOs were cleaned by successive sonication with soap water, acetone, ethanol and deionized (DI) water for 10 min each and were then dried prior to their usage.
6
Synthesis and Purification of Organometallic Compounds
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DMSO (anhydrous, ≥99.9%), tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB), [(2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-3,5-octanedionato) silver(I)], dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether and ethyl benzene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). DMSO was kept sealed in the original bottle and removed with a syringe in order to protect the solution from atmospheric moisture. Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether and (TBAB) were kept dry in a desiccator over silica gel and used as received. Iodine, I2, (Sigma-Aldrich) was purified by sublimation before use. Potassium superoxide (Sigma-Aldrich) was kept in a desiccator and used as received. The antioxidants quercetin and chrysin, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and eriodictyol from Indofine Chemicals, Hillsborough, NJ, USA, were used as received.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide-Graphene Composite Materials
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Titanium tetraisopropoxide (C12H28O4Ti, Sigma-Aldrich), acetic acid (CH3COOH, Sigma-Aldrich), graphite powder (Merck), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, Sigma-Aldrich), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, Sigma-Aldrich), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, Sigma-Aldrich), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, Sigma-Aldrich) were used for the synthesis of titanium dioxide, graphene oxide and the composite material. Furthermore, for electron transport electrode fabrication, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass was sourced from Sigma-Aldrich and N3 (cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(ii )) dye was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich for the sensitization of the photoanode. A Pt-based electrode was used as a counter electrode of DSSCs.
Iodine (I2, Sigma-Aldrich), guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII, Sigma-Aldrich), and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP, Sigma-Aldrich) were used for the preparation of the electrolyte that was used in the fabrication of devices. Last, lithium iodide (LiI, Sigma-Aldrich), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, Sigma-Aldrich) and acetonitrile (CH3CN, Sigma-Aldrich) were used for electrochemical testing of the photoanode.
Iodine (I2, Sigma-Aldrich), guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII, Sigma-Aldrich), and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP, Sigma-Aldrich) were used for the preparation of the electrolyte that was used in the fabrication of devices. Last, lithium iodide (LiI, Sigma-Aldrich), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, Sigma-Aldrich) and acetonitrile (CH3CN, Sigma-Aldrich) were used for electrochemical testing of the photoanode.
8
Antimicrobial Compound Synthesis and Evaluation
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4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
vanillin, syringaldehyde, ethylene carbonate, potassium carbonate
(K2CO3), methyl indole-5-carboxylate, iodine
(I2), and dibutyltin(IV) oxide (DBTO) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide
(DMAc), 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO), ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-heptane, xylene, and Na2SO4 were
purchased from VWR Chemicals. Tryptic soy broth (TSB), phosphate-buffered
saline (PBS), tryptic soy agar (TSA), sterile sheep’s blood, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (S.
aureus), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (E. faecalis), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
27853 (P. aeruginosa) were purchased
from commercial sources. All chemicals were used as received without
purification.
vanillin, syringaldehyde, ethylene carbonate, potassium carbonate
(K2CO3), methyl indole-5-carboxylate, iodine
(I2), and dibutyltin(IV) oxide (DBTO) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide
(DMAc), 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO), ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-heptane, xylene, and Na2SO4 were
purchased from VWR Chemicals. Tryptic soy broth (TSB), phosphate-buffered
saline (PBS), tryptic soy agar (TSA), sterile sheep’s blood, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (S.
aureus), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (E. faecalis), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
27853 (P. aeruginosa) were purchased
from commercial sources. All chemicals were used as received without
purification.
9
Gold Nanoparticle-DNA Conjugation Protocol
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Gold tetrachloroauric acid [HAuCl4.3H2O] and iodine [I2] were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium phosphate monobasic [NaH2PO4], sodium phosphate dibasic [Na2HPO4], SDS [C12H25OSO3Na], potassium iodide [KI], with molecular biology grade, were purchased from Acros. Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) [C9H15O6P.HCl] was supplied by Bio Basic (USA). Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate [Na3C6H5O7.2H2O], sodium chloride [NaCl], and Potassium chloride [KCl] were obtained from Merck. Milli-Q water was used in preparation of all the solutions. All glasswares were cleaned with freshly prepared Aqua regia cleaning solution [HCl–HNO3 (3:1)], rinsed with water and finally were oven-dried before using them.
The buffer solutions used for conjugation of DNAi and Au-NPs were prepared as follows: salting buffer (2 M of NaCl in 10 mM of phosphate buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.4), phosphate adjustment buffer (100 mM, pH 7).
The DNAi oligonucleotides as described by Tolcher et al49 (link) were provided by Reza Sheikhnejad. DNAi has the sequence of 5′-CACGCACGCGCATCCCCGCCCGTG-3′. The non-specific oligonucleotides purchased from Macrogen Company, South Korea, and the sequence is 5′-GCCATATACAATAACAAGGC-3′. MCF-7 cells were purchased from Iranian Biological Resource Center. Medical ethics committee of Tarbiat Modares University approved cell experiments.
The buffer solutions used for conjugation of DNAi and Au-NPs were prepared as follows: salting buffer (2 M of NaCl in 10 mM of phosphate buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.4), phosphate adjustment buffer (100 mM, pH 7).
The DNAi oligonucleotides as described by Tolcher et al49 (link) were provided by Reza Sheikhnejad. DNAi has the sequence of 5′-CACGCACGCGCATCCCCGCCCGTG-3′. The non-specific oligonucleotides purchased from Macrogen Company, South Korea, and the sequence is 5′-GCCATATACAATAACAAGGC-3′. MCF-7 cells were purchased from Iranian Biological Resource Center. Medical ethics committee of Tarbiat Modares University approved cell experiments.
10
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication
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Titanium isopropoxide, urea, thiourea, TiO2 (~21 nm), di-tetrabutylammonium cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) (N719), Coumarin 343 (C343), Coumarin 500 (C500), Platinum chloride (H2PtCl6), lithium iodide(LiI), iodine (I2) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ultrapure water (Millipore System, 18.2 MΩ cm), ethanol and acetone (purchased from Merck) were used as solvents. Analytical-grade chemicals were used for synthesis without further purifications. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass substrates, acquired from Sigma-Aldrich were cleaned by successive sonication with soap water, acetone, ethanol and deionized (DI) water for 15 min, each with adequate drying prior to their use.
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