Nicotinate

Benzoate, 3-hydroxyBenzoate, 4-hydroxyBenzoate, cinnamate, 3-hydroxycinnamate, salicylate, nicotinate, anthranilate, 4-aminoBenzoate, 2-aminophenol, benzamide, simazine, tryptophan, and methyl viologen dichloride hydrate (paraquat, PQ) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Benzene (>99.7% purity), toluene, biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, and 30% (w v^-1) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar Nourin 61) were sterilized with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed with water, and sown in 400 mL of silica sand in a seedling case. Growth conditions were maintained as 16 h light of 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 8 h dark with 60% humidity at 25 °C. To analyze the effects of AgNPs mixed with organic and inorganic chemicals, AgNPs (US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX, USA) with 15 nm, nicotinate (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and KNO₃ (Sigma Aldrich) were used. Groups of 3-day-old plants were treated with a mixture of 5 ppm AgNPs/8 mM nicotinate/0.1 mM KNO₃, and with the single components, which were 5 ppm AgNPs, 8 mM nicotinate, or 0.1 mM KNO₃, for 3 days. Untreated plants were used as the control. As morphological parameters, leaf-fresh weight, leaf length, total root-fresh weight, and main-root length were measured at 6 days after sowing (Figure 1). For proteomics, roots were collected (Figure 1). In total, three independent experiments were performed as biological replicates for all experiments. The sowing of seeds was carried out on different days for making biological replicates.