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All bronchoscopic procedures were performed under conscious sedation with local anesthesia by three pulmonary physicians (Eom JS, Mok JH, and Lee K). Before EBUS-TBNA, conventional bronchoscopy was conducted in a standard fashion for airway inspection and administration of lidocaine into the tracheobronchial tree via the working channel of the bronchoscope. Following conventional bronchoscopy, EBUS-TBNA was performed using a dedicated bronchoscope with a linear ultrasound transducer (BF-UC260F-OL8; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Systemic assessment of the mediastinal, hilar, and interlobar lymph nodes was made based on computed tomography (CT) findings [12 (link)], and target lymph nodes were punctured with a 22-gauge needle (NA-201SX-4022; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) under real-time ultrasound guidance. Two or more punctures were performed on each target lymph node until at least two tissue core specimens were obtained. One of the tissue core specimens was placed in formalin for histological examination. Other tissue core specimens that were placed in sterile saline were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy using auramine-rhodamine staining. Additionally, solid (3 % Ogawa medium) and liquid media (BacT/ALERT MP; bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA) were used to culture for mycobacteria from the specimens in sterile saline.