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Micropet focus 220 scanner

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The MicroPET Focus 220 scanner is a small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging system designed for preclinical research applications. The device utilizes advanced detector technology to capture high-resolution 3D images of small animals, such as rodents, for the purpose of scientific investigation and analysis.

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1470 wizard, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions) Micropet ct manager, by Siemens (1 mentions) Micro cat 2, by Siemens (1 mentions) Asipro, by Siemens (1 mentions)

13 protocols using micropet focus 220 scanner

1

Metformin's Impact on Brain Glucose Metabolism

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After 8 weeks of metformin administration, the microPET-CT was used to evaluate brain glucose uptake. 18F-Fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) was intraperitoneally injected into animals. The mice were scanned by using a Focus 220 microPET scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Knoxville, TN, USA). Dynamic scans were conducted for 1 h. PET images were reconstructed using the microPET-CT manager (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.). To evaluate relative glucose metabolism, the ratio of the SUV standardized uptake value was obtained by dividing the SUV of each region with the SUV of the whole brain.
Lu X.Y., Huang S., Chen Q.B., Zhang D., Li W., Ao R., Leung F.C., Zhang Z., Huang J., Tang Y, & Zhang S.J. (2020). Metformin Ameliorates Aβ Pathology by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2315106.
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2

FAZA-PET Imaging of Hypoxia in Mice

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FAZA was produced by the Centre for Prove Development and Commercialization (Ontario, Canada). Mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in medical air (1.0 L/min) and injected intravenously via the tail vein with 15 MBq of FAZA (0.55 ± 0.07 MBq/g of body weight). PET images were acquired on a Focus 220 microPET scanner (Siemens Preclinical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) at 2 hours post-injection using a Minerve triple-mouse imaging bed (Esternay, France) with controlled heating to maintain body temperature at 37 °C. The PET acquisition consisted of a 20-minute emission scan followed by a transmission scan using a 57Co source used later for attenuation correction. Immediately after small-animal PET, the Minerve bed was transferred to an eXplore Locus Ultra preclinical computed tomography (CT) scanner (GE Healthcare, London, ON, Canada) where mice were imaged with routine acquisition parameters of 80 kV and 50 mA to facilitate anatomical delineation for FAZA-PET quantification.
Taylor E., Zhou J., Lindsay P., Foltz W., Cheung M., Siddiqui I., Hosni A., Amir A.E., Kim J., Hill R.P., Jaffray D.A, & Hedley D.W. (2020). Quantifying Reoxygenation in Pancreatic Cancer During Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Scientific Reports, 10, 1638.
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3

PET Imaging of Dopamine System in Dnmt3a Mice

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A Focus 220 micro PET scanner (CTI-Siemens, Munich, Germany) with a resolution of 1.4 mm was used. PET measurements of the DA system were performed for 40 min with intravenously injected 6-[18F]FMT in n = 6 Dnmt3a2/3LDat/wt mice (4 m, 2 f) and n = 6 Dnmt3a2/3Lwt/wt control littermates (4 m, 3 f) in the anesthetized state. For [18F]FDG PET, performed with the same animals, the tracer was injected intraperitoneally during a short (1 min) isoflurane anesthesia. The mouse was then transferred to the treadmill which was operated at low speed (0.1 m/s). After 30 min of easy running, the mouse was anestetized with isoflurane and placed in the PET scanner (see above). The emission scan started 40 min after [18F]FDG injection and stopped after 30 min of data collection. Images were reconstructed using an iterative OSEM3D/MAP procedure [53 (link)]. Voxel sizes were 0.38 × 0.38 × 0.82 mm3. All further analysis was done with the Software VINCI 4.92 (MPI for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany). For details, see Supplemental Experimental Procedures (Supplementary Materials).
Cui D., Mesaros A., Burdeos G., Voigt I., Giavalisco P., Hinze Y., Purrio M., Neumaier B., Drzezga A., Obata Y., Endepols H, & Xu X. (2020). Dnmt3a2/Dnmt3L Overexpression in the Dopaminergic System of Mice Increases Exercise Behavior through Signaling Changes in the Hypothalamus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6297.
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4

Breast Cancer Xenograft Model for Therapy Evaluation

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Breast cancer tumor xenografts were generated by injecting 1 × 106 SUM149PT cells into female NSG mice. Half of the mice were treated with MCT1i (AZD3965) once tumors reached a size of 5mm in diameter, and were treated twice daily by oral gauvage. Half of the mice were treated as control micewith an equal volume of vehicle. Tumor size was monitored every other day with calipers. For microPET imaging, animals were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane, USP (Phoenix Pharmaceutical Inc.) and injected intravenously with 200 uCi 18F-FDG. PET imaging was conducted on a Focus 220 microPET scanner (Siemens) and, subsequently, CT recorded using a MicroCAT II CT instrument (Siemens). Data was analyzed by drawing 3-dimensional ROIs using AMIDE software (Loening and Gambhir, 2003 (link)).
Hong C.S., Graham N.A., Gu W., Camacho C.E., Mah V., Maresh E.L., Alavi M., Bagryanova L., Krotee P.A., Gardner B.K., Behbahan I.S., Horvath S., Chia D., Mellinghoff I.K., Hurvitz S.A., Dubinett S.M., Critchlow S.E., Kurdistani S.K., Goodglick L., Braas D., Graeber T.G, & Christofk H.R. (2016). MCT1 modulates cancer cell pyruvate export and growth of tumors that co-express MCT1 and MCT4. Cell reports, 14(7), 1590-1601.
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5

FDG-PET Imaging of Rat Brain Metabolism

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Three minutes subsequent to an i.p. injection of 500–700 μl [18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose solution (FDG, ~2 mCi), rats underwent a behavioral paradigm (details see below) for 45 min. After each session the enclosure was cleaned with diluted acetic acid. During the behavioral paradigm, FDG accumulated in energy-consuming brain cells. Afterwards, rats were anesthetized, placed, and fixed on an animal holder (medres®, Cologne, Germany) with a respiratory mask, whereby inhalation anesthesia procedures were similar to those used during MRI scans. Static PET scans were performed using a Focus 220 micro PET scanner (CTI-Siemens®). The 30 min data acquisition period started exactly 1 h after FDG-injection. Following Fourier rebinning, data were reconstructed using the iterative OSEM3D/MAP procedure (Qi et al., 1998 (link)) resulting in voxel sizes of 0.38 × 0.38 × 0.82 mm.
Rohleder C., Wiedermann D., Neumaier B., Drzezga A., Timmermann L., Graf R., Leweke F.M, & Endepols H. (2016). The Functional Networks of Prepulse Inhibition: Neuronal Connectivity Analysis Based on FDG-PET in Awake and Unrestrained Rats. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 148.
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6

PET Imaging of Rhesus Monkeys

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Experiments were performed in a total of 5 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in compliance with Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academy Press, 1996 ) and were approved by the NIMH Animal Care and Use Committee. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and then maintained with 1.0–3.0% isoflurane and 98.4% O2. Head was firmly fixed by gauze and tapes to the camera bed holder and positioned by laser guidance. Throughout the experiment electrocardiogram, heart and respiration rates were monitored, and body temperature was kept between 37.0 and 37.5°C. Radioligands were administered as bolus intravenous injections. PET images were acquired with a microPET Focus 220 scanner (Siemens Medical Solution; Knoxville, TN) for 120 min in 33 frames, with frame durations ranging from 30 s to 5 min. All PET images were corrected for attenuation and scatter.
LOHITH T.G., XU R., TSUJIKAWA T., MORSE C.L., ANDERSON K.B., GLADDING R.L., ZOGHBI S.S., FUJITA M., INNIS R.B, & PIKE V.W. (2014). Evaluation in Monkey of Two Candidate PET Radioligands, [11C]RX-1 and [18F]RX-2, for Imaging Brain 5-HT4 Receptors. Synapse (New York, N.Y.), 68(12), 613-623.
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7

PET Imaging of [11C]DCZ Binding Kinetics

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PET imaging was conducted as previously reported (35 (link)). Briefly, PET scans were conducted at 45 days after injection of vectors for both monkeys and also before injection of vectors for Mk#2. PET scans were performed using a microPET Focus 220 scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, USA). The monkeys were immobilized by ketamine (5 to 10 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg) and then maintained under anesthetized condition with isoflurane (1 to 3%) during all PET procedures. Transmission scans were performed for about 20 min with a Ge-68 source. Emission scans were acquired in three-dimensional list mode with an energy window of 350 to 750 keV after an intravenous bolus injection of [11C]DCZ (344.8 to 369.6 MBq). Emission data acquisition lasted 90 min. PET image reconstruction was performed with filtered back-projection using a Hanning filter cutoff at a Nyquist frequency of 0.5 mm−1. To estimate the specific binding of [11C]DCZ, regional binding potential relative to nondisplaceable radioligand (BPND) was calculated by PMOD with an original multilinear reference tissue model using the cerebellum as a reference.
Oyama K., Hori Y., Nagai Y., Miyakawa N., Mimura K., Hirabayashi T., Inoue K.I., Suhara T., Takada M., Higuchi M, & Minamimoto T. (2021). Chemogenetic dissection of the primate prefronto-subcortical pathways for working memory and decision-making. Science Advances, 7(26), eabg4246.
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8

In vivo PET Imaging of ABC Transporter Knockouts

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Female wild-type, Abcb1a/b(−/−), Abcg2(−/−), and Abcb1a/b(−/−)Abcg2(−/−) mice with a FVB genetic background underwent under isoflurane/oxygen anesthesia 60 min dynamic PET scans after i.v. injection of either [11C]tariquidar (32 ± 9 MBq, corresponding to 0.20 ± 0.05 µg of unlabeled tariquidar), [11C]erlotinib (27 ± 8 MBq, corresponding to 0.79 ± 0.39 µg of unlabeled erlotinib), or [11C]elacridar (36 ± 8 MBq, corresponding to 0.19 ± 0.05 µg of unlabeled elacridar) using a microPET Focus 220 scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN, USA) as previously described [11 (link),16 (link)]. At the time of the experiments, wild-type mice weighed 23.1 ± 1.6 g, Abcb1a/b(−/−) mice 21.9 ± 2.1 g, Abcg2(−/−) mice 21.2 ± 3.1 g, and Abcb1a/b(−/−)Abcg2(−/−) mice 23.5 ± 2.7 g.
Hernández-Lozano I., Mairinger S., Traxl A., Sauberer M., Filip T., Stanek J., Kuntner C., Wanek T, & Langer O. (2021). Assessing the Functional Redundancy between P-gp and BCRP in Controlling the Brain Distribution and Biliary Excretion of Dual Substrates with PET Imaging in Mice. Pharmaceutics, 13(8), 1286.
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9

Multimodal Imaging of Rat Tumor

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In rats with confirmed tumors, PET and CT were performed within 24 h of MRI. Rats were administered [18F]VUIIS1018A via jugular catheter while in a microPET Focus 220 scanner (Siemens, Knoxville, TN, USA). Data were collected in listmode format for 60 or 90 min, followed by CT (microCAT II; Siemens) for attenuation correction. The dynamic PET acquisition was divided into 32 frames (12 frames (10 s per frame) for the first 2 min, 3 frames (1 min per frame) for the following 3 min, and 17 frames (5 min per frame) for the remainder of the scan). Within each frame, the raw data were binned into 3D sinograms with a span of three and ring difference of 47. The scatter and attenuation corrections were applied. The tomographic images (128 × 128 × 95) with voxel sizes of 0.095 × 0.095 × 0.08 cm3 were obtained by reconstructing the sinograms using a two-dimensional ordered-subsets expectation-maximization algorithm with 16 subsets and 4 iterations. Attenuation correction was accomplished by generating an attenuation map from the CT images. The CT images were first co-registered with PET, then segmented and projected into sinogram space with a span of 47 and ring difference of 23. Three-dimensional volumes of interest were drawn over tumor and contralateral brain using ASIPro (Siemens) in order to generate time-activity curves (TACs).
Tang D., Li J., Nickels M.L., Huang G., Cohen A.S, & Manning H.C. (2019). Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel TSPO PET Ligand 2-(7-Butyl-2-(4-(2-[18F]Fluoroethoxy) phenyl)-5-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-a] Pyrimidin-3-yl)-N,N-Diethylacetamide (18F-VUIIS1018A) to Image Glioma. Molecular imaging and biology, 21(1), 113-121.
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10

Marmoset PET Imaging with [11C]DCZ and [18F]FDG

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PET was performed using a microPET Focus 220 scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, PA, USA). The marmosets were maintained under anesthesia using isoflurane (1–3%) during all PET procedures. A transmission scan using a spiraling 68Ge point source was performed to correct attenuation before a bolus injection of the radioligands [11C]DCZ or [18F]FDG. Emission scans were acquired in 3D list mode with an energy window of 350–750 keV after an IV bolus injection of [11C]DCZ (97.3–105.9 MBq) or [18F]FDG (68.1-78.1 MBq). For PET scans using [18F]FDG, each animal received IV treatment with DREADD agonists (10 mg/kg CNO or 3 μg/kg DCZ) or vehicle (DMOS) in advance to permit peak chemogenetic activation via hM3Dq (30 min for CNO or 1 min for DCZ treatment).
Mimura K., Nagai Y., Inoue K.I., Matsumoto J., Hori Y., Sato C., Kimura K., Okauchi T., Hirabayashi T., Nishijo H., Yahata N., Takada M., Suhara T., Higuchi M, & Minamimoto T. (2021). Chemogenetic activation of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in freely moving common marmosets. iScience, 24(9), 103066.
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