U 3900 uv spectrophotometer

UV-Vis spectra were collected by a U-3900 UV spectrophotometer (Hitachi) ranging from 200 to 800 nm with DI water as the solvent. The fluorescent spectra were measured in aqueous dispersion by a fluorescence spectrophotometer (F-4600, Hitachi). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained from a X-ray diffraction (DX-2700, λ = 1.5406 Å) to investigate the phases of the products. The morphology and structure of the products were observed on scanning electron microscope (SEM, Sigma 500/VP, the accelerate voltage was 5 kV) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-100SX, the accelerate voltage was 200 kV). The photothermal effects of all samples and the IR thermal images were performed with an IR thermal camera (Fluke, Everett, WA). The laser equipment (STL650T1-1.0 W) in all experiments was obtained from Beijing Stone Boyuan Laser Technology Co., Ltd. The fluorescent images were captured by an inverted fluorescence microscopy (IX83, Olympus). The sonodynamic experiments were performed with an ultrasonic cleaning machine (40 kHz, 400 W, Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument CO., Ltd).