Hydrochlorothiazide

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

Hydrochlorothiazide is a pharmaceutical ingredient commonly used in the manufacturing of diuretic medications. It functions as a thiazide-type diuretic, aiding in the regulation of fluid balance within the body.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (4 citations) Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (2 citations)

34 protocols using hydrochlorothiazide

Quantitative Analysis of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Hydrochlorothiazide

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Acetylsalicylic acid, hydrochlorothiazide, potassium fluoride and formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). VAMS devices (Mitra^®) were purchased from Neoteryx (Torrance, CA, USA). The chemical structures of Acetylsalicylic acid and hydrochlorothiazide (as an internal standard, IS) are presented in Fig. 1.

Moon S.J., Han S.H., Kwak Y.G, & Kim M.G. (2022). Stability of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood collected using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) under various drying conditions. Translational and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(1), 57-69.

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In Vitro Solubility Screening Compounds

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Antipyrine, cimetidine, clotrimazole, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen hydrochloride, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, ketoprofen, maleic acid, (+/−)-metoprolol-(+)-tartrate, (+/−)-norverapamil hydrochloride, piroxicam, tamoxifen, terbutaline hemisulfate and (+/−)-verapamil hydrochloride 99% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); (+/−)-propranolol hydrochloride and ranitidine hydrochloride were obtained from Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), and carbamazepine was purchased from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). Midazolam and α-hydroxyMidazolam were purchased from Lipomed AG (Arlesheim, Switzerland), and agar, calcium chloride dihydrate, glucose hydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate monobasic and sodium hydrogencarbonate were obtained from Hänseler AG (Herisau, Switzerland). Sodium taurocholate was purchased from Prodotti Chimici e Alimentari S.p.A., (Basaluzzo, Italy) and lecithin (grade EPCS > 98% phospholipids) was obtained from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany).

Arnold Y.E., Thorens J., Bernard S, & Kalia Y.N. (2019). Drug Transport across Porcine Intestine Using an Ussing Chamber System: Regional Differences and the Effect of P-Glycoprotein and CYP3A4 Activity on Drug Absorption. Pharmaceutics, 11(3), 139.

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Pharmacological Compounds Acquisition Protocol

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Methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), acetazolamide (ACTZ), N-ω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, atropine, ouabain octahydrate, hexamethonium bromide, captopril, and propranolol were purchased locally from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals. Acetonitrile and formic acid were obtained from J. T. Baker. All these chemicals were of standard analytical grade.

Younis W., A.l.a.m.g.e.e.r., Schini-Kerth V.B., Nocchi S.R., Silva D.B., de Souza P., Bukhari I.A., Vohra F., Afzal S, & Gasparotto Junior A. (2021). Involvement of Muscarinic Receptors in Hypotensive and Diuretic Effects of Aqueous Soluble Fraction from Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2021, 6653270.

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Analytical method for SARM detection

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Standard solution (1.0 mg mL⁻¹) of trenbolone (TREN) was obtained from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX). Clenbuterol (CLEN), furosemide (FUR), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), trichloro(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane (TCTFPS), acetonitrile (99.9%, HPLC grade), methanol (99.9%, HPLC grade), ethyl acetate (99.8%, anhydrous), ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, quinoline, and cyclohexanol were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Trichloromethylsilane (TCMS) and acetone were supplied by Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Whatman filter paper grade 1 (24 cm) was purchased from Whatman (Little Chalfont, England).

Rossini E.L., Kulyk D.S., Ansu-Gyeabourh E., Sahraeian T., Pezza H.R, & Badu-Tawiah A.K. (2020). Direct analysis of doping agents in raw urine using hydrophobic paper spray mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 31(6), 1212-1222.

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Analytical Determination of Biomarkers

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Acetylsalicylic acid, hydrochlorothiazide, potassium fluoride and formic acid were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and water were purchased at the highest grade available from Fisher Scientific (Seoul, Korea). All other reagents used were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Microsampler devices were purchased from Phenomenex (Neoteryx, Torrance, CA, USA, brand name Mitra®).

Kim Y., Jeon J.Y., Han S.H., Ha N., Jang K, & Kim M.G. (2018). Quantitative analysis of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood using volumetric absorptive microsampling. Translational and Clinical Pharmacology, 26(1), 32-38.

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Genetic Modulation of Atherosclerosis

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Male 8-week-old Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/−Il18r^−/− mice received hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/L in drinking water, Sigma) while consuming an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks according to a previously established protocol⁴³. Male 8-week-old Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/−Ncc^−/−Il18r^−/− mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of recombinant mouse IL18 (30 ng/gram body weight in 200 µL saline, MBL International, Woburn, MA) or saline alone for four weeks as described^{14 (link)}.

Wang J., Sun C., Gerdes N., Liu C., Liao M., Liu J., Shi M.A., He A., Zhou Y., Sukhova G.K., Chen H., Cheng X., Kuzuya M., Murohara T., Zhang J., Cheng X., Jiang M., Shull G.E., Rogers S., Yang C.L., Ke Q., Jelen S., Bindels R., Ellison D.H., Jarolim P., Libby P, & Shi G.P. (2015). Interleukin 18 function requires both interleukin 18 receptor and Na-Cl co-transporter. Nature medicine, 21(7), 820-826.

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Pharmacological Regulation of Ion Transport

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Furosemide (20 µM Tocris Bioscience), hydrochlorothiazide (20 µM, Sigma), amiloride (20 µM, Tocris Bioscience), benzamil hydrochloride hydrate (10 µM, Sigma), KB-R7943 mesylate (2 nM, Tocris Bioscience), 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, AM) (Tocris Bioscience), calphostin C (20 nM, Sigma), cariporide (10 µM, Sigma), and nickel chloride (NiCl₂) (10 mM, Sigma).

Barbaro N.R., Foss J.D., Kryshtal D.O., Tsyba N., Kumaresan S., Xiao L., Mernaugh R.L., Itani H.A., Loperena R., Chen W., Dikalov S., Titze J.M., Knollmann B.C., Harrison D.G, & Kirabo A. (2017). Dendritic Cell Amiloride-Sensitive Channels Mediate Sodium-Induced Inflammation and Hypertension. Cell reports, 21(4), 1009-1020.

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Synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin Polymer

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The β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs, CID 444041) used for the synthesis of the polymer were supplied by Arachem (Tilburgo, The Netherlands). The rest of the chemicals: epichlorohydrin (99%), sodium borohydride (98%), sodium hydroxide (98%), and acetone were from Sigma-Aldrich (Barcelona, Spain). The PhAC standards of Furosemide (CAS No.: 54-31-9, 100% purity) and Hydrochlorothiazide (CAS No.: 58-93-5, 100% purity) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Barcelona, Spain).

Hernández Cegarra A.T., Gómez-Morte T., Pellicer J.A., Vela N., Rodríguez-López M.I., Núñez-Delicado E, & Gabaldón J.A. (2024). A Comprehensive Strategy for Stepwise Design of a Lab PROTOTYPE for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Water Using Cyclodextrin Polymers as Adsorbent Material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2829.

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Quantification of Ginseng Extracts and Metabolites

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RGE—an extract from dried root of ginseng of 6 years and more than 60% of dried ginseng content, 13.2 mg marker ginsenosides (GRb1 + GRg1 + GRg3), and 34.7 mg total ginsenosides per gram extract—was purchased from the Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Youngjoo, Kyungpook, Korea) [29 (link),30 (link),31 (link),32 (link)]. Amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide, and berberine hydrochloride (IS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fimasartan potassium trihydrate (fimasartan) and the oxidized desulfurized metabolite of fimasartan (fimasartan-amide) were obtained from Boryung Pharm. Co. Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent or analytical grade.

Jeon S.Y., Jeon J.H., Park J.H., Lee J., Pang M., Choi M.K, & Song I.S. (2022). Simultaneous Analysis of a Combination of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs, Fimasartan, Amlodipine, and Hydrochlorothiazide, in Rats Using LC-MS/MS and Subsequent Application to Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction with Red Ginseng Extract. Toxics, 10(10), 576.

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Bradykinin Signaling Pathway Assay

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All chemicals including hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), phorbol 12-myristate-13 acetate (PMA), bradykinin, HOE140 and Lys-(des-Arg⁹, Leu⁸)-bradykinin were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St Louis, MO). Polyclone antibodies for NCC, pNCC and NKCC2 were purchased from EMD Millipore, Phosphosolutions and Abcam, respectively. Data were analyzed using student t test for comparisons between two groups or one-way ANOVA for comparisons among more than 2 groups. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

Zhang D.D., Gao Z.X., Vio C.P., Xiao Y., Wu P., Zhang H., Guo X.W., Meng X.X., Gu L., Wang J.L., Duan X.P., Lin D.H., Wang W.H, & Gu R. (2018). Bradykinin stimulates renal Na+ and K+ excretion by inhibiting the K+ channel (Kir4.1) in the distal convoluted tubule. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 72(2), 361-369.

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