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63 protocols using bx61vs

1

Muscle Vascularization Quantification

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Six-micrometer cryosections of the soleus muscle were taken and stained with CD31 (BD Biosciences) antibody to visualize endothelial cells. The stained samples were imaged using a slide scanner (BX61VS, Olympus) and vessel density was analyzed by measuring CD31 intensity per sample using ImageJ (Fiji) and normalized to the total sample area. Five-micrometer paraffin sections of the adductor muscle were taken and stained with SMA antibody (SIGMA, St. Louis, MI) to detect smooth muscle cells. The stained samples were imaged using a slide scanner (BX61VS, Olympus) and analyzed. Three sections of each sample were analyzed and averaged. The smallest diameter of each visible lumen was measured and the total number of arterioles per section/area was counted.
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2

TRAP Staining and Osteoclast Quantification

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Osteoclast precursors were seeded in 8-well slide chambers at a density of 1×104 cells/well for TRAP staining. After differentiation for 5 days, the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 30 min and permeabilized in 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min. After washing with PBS, TRAP solution was added into the well and incubated at 37 ℃ for 15 min. Nuclei were further counter-stained with hematoxylin for 3 min. Images were acquired using an Olympus virtual slide microscope (Olympus BX61VS, Japan). TRAP positive cells with multiple nuclei (>3) were identified as osteoclasts. The number of osteoclasts was counted using an Image-Pro plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, USA).
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3

Chromogenic and Fluorescent Microscopy

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Chromogenic stainings were imaged at a 10× or 20× magnification using an Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus) or slide scanner Olympus BX61VS (Olympus). Fluorescent sections were imaged using an inverted confocal microscope (LSM 880, Zeiss). The fluorescent images were acquired in monochrome and color maps were applied to the images post acquisition. Post hoc linear brightness and contrast adjustment were applied uniformly to the image under analysis.
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4

Quantifying Neuronal Activation in dCA1

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Images were acquired at 20× magnification using a fluorescence slide scanner (BX61VS, Olympus). After acquisition, images were cropped to contain approximately 30,000–40,000 μm2 of dCA1. A blinded experimenter performed cell counts on 3–4 sections from each animal (6–8 hemispheres). c-Fos+ cells were counted using the multi-point tool in ImageJ. Cell counts were averaged across slices to obtain one value per animal.
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5

Quantifying Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

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FITC-dextran (2000 kDa, 1 ml, 50 mg/ml, in saline, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was intravenously injected at 72 h after MCAo [20 (link),21 (link)]. After 1 min of circulation, brains were removed, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose for 48 h and then coronally sectioned (20 μm-thickness) using the cryostat. Mosaic fluorescent images of the sections were obtained at six bregma levels (+2.7, + 1.2, − 0.3, − 1.3, − 1.8 and - 3.8 mm) with fluorescence motorized microscope (BX61VS, Olympus, Japan) at a 10 X magnification objective lens. Regional FITC-dextran fluorescent intensity in the ipsi- and contra-lateral cortex, subcortex and hemisphere were measured by Image J (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD). Optical density was measured by applying the following formula: (Right fluorescent intensity – Left fluorescent intensity)/Left fluorescent intensity × 100.
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6

Brain Tissue Processing and Immunohistochemistry

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Mice were deep anesthetized with tribromoethanol and perfused with 10 ml of PBS followed by 10 ml of fixative (4% paraformaldehyde diluted in PBS). The brains were removed and post-fixed in 4°C overnight and then immersed in 30% sucrose solution for two days before being sectioned at 50 pm thicknesses on a cryostat (Leica CM3050 S). The free-floating brain sections were collected in PBS. For injection site verification, the sections were directly mounted onto glass slides with Vectashield mounting medium with DAPI. For tracing experiments, one out of every five sections were collected for the whole brain. For immunohistochemistry, standard procedures3 (link) were followed. We used primary antibodies to SST (rabbit, BMA Biomedicals, cat. no. T-4103, 1:1000)25 (link) and PKCdelta (mouse, BD Biosciences, cat. no. 610398, 1:1000)19 (link). A scanning microscope (BX61VS, Olympus) was used to scan fluorescent images for whole brain slices and a confocal microscope (Nikon A1) was used for higher resolution imaging. To image green signals in CTB-488 and SST-Ai14 co-localization experiments, a 500–530 nm virtual filter (spectral detector mode) was used instead of the default 500–550 nm filter (standard PMTs) in order to prevent leakage of SST-AM4 red signals into the green channel.
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7

Histopathological Analysis of Tumor Tissues

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H&E staining was conducted to assess the pathological change of tumor tissues according to the procedure described previously [36 (link)]. And the images were captured with microscope (Olympus, BX61VS).
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8

Histological Analysis of Brain Tissue

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Histological examinations were performed in INFO-PAT laboratory, Poznań, Poland. Following fixation described in Section 2.3, brains were embedded in paraffin, and sliced into 4 μm coronal sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin at 22–24 °C. The slides were evaluated by light microscopy (BX61VS, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), and scanned using a digital camera (HVF22CL 3CCD, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and the Panoramic Viewer software (3DHISTECH, Budapest, Hungary).
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9

Collagen Fiber Analysis in Tendon Injury

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Picro-Sirius red stained slides were utilized to assess collagen fiber organization in all ovine and human tissues. Slides contained 40 mm of the proximal infraspinatus tendon and enthesis/bone were prepared and imaged using polarized brightfield microscopy at 2× magnification (Olympus BX61VS, Center Valley, PA). All samples were imaged in one session with 40ms exposure to ensure no variation in imaging capture process or polarization lens configuration. Commercially available software (Image-Pro Plus, RRID:SCR_007369) was used to calculate percent area of the organized/disorganized collagen seen within the injury region of the tendon. Region of analysis included the most proximal 25 mm of tendon but did not include the fibrocartilaginous enthesis zone. To ensure the accuracy of the program the veterinary pathologist in residency verified the algorithm’s ability to differentially identify organized and disorganized regions of collagen for a subset of samples.
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10

Immunohistochemical Staining Protocol for CD68 and CXCL5

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Totally, 5 μm FFPE sections were dewaxed, treated with H2O2 before performing antigen retrieval. Sections were boiled in citrate buffer (Sigma; C9999) for 30 min. Sections were washed in PBS Tween, then blocked 50% FBS for 1 h. After washing, sections were probed with anti CD68 (1:100) and anti CXCL5 (1:50) for 1 h. After further washing, sections were stained with donkey anti-mouse 488 (1:1000) and donkey anti goat 557 (1:200) in 10% FBS and incubated for 1 h. Final washes were performed, and sections were stained with DAPI for 30 s before being mounted (Vector Labs; H-100). Sections were scanned using an Olympus BX61VS and images were analysed using OylVIA software.
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