Hesperetin

Standards including naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringenin, and hesperetin (purity >98%) were purchased from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Meranzin hydrate (purity >98%) was purchased from DIAO Company (Chengdu, China). Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ, purity >98%) was taken as an internal standard (IS) and from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol (analytical grade) were obtained from Heng Xing Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China), and purified water was from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). β-Glucuronidase was from EMD Millipore Co., Ltd. (Boston, Massachusetts, USA), and acetic acid buffer solution was from Dingguo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). FA (crude drug) was collected from Hunan province and bought and authenticated by Professor Sui-Yu Hu (Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China).

MS-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Germany). MS-grade formic acid was bought from Thermo Fisher Technology Co., Ltd. (United States). Mullein isoflavone glucoside, naringin, hesperidin, ononin, epimedoside A, icariin, nobiletin, and tangeretin (purities > 98%) were all purchased from Sichuan Vicky Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Betaine, adenosine, magnoflorine, peimine, peiminine, vanillin, hesperetin, wogonin, honokiol, magnolol, and linoleic acid (purities > 98%) were all acquired from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was offered by Shanghai Sulaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and nitric oxide (NO) testing kits were purchased from Shanghai Langton Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).