Jsm it100

The morphology and chemical contents of the CAD/CAM restorative material disc were examined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX (JEOL, Japan JSM-IT 100). Each specimen was removed from the packaging with sterile forceps and mounted onto the sample holder without touching the surface. Before closing the chamber, the specimens were cleaned with ethyl alcohol to eliminate any material artifacts such as dust. After that, a vacuum was created, and imaging and measurements were carried out. EDX analysis was performed using the JEOL software (JEOL, Japan, JSM-IT 100) on areas of equal distance from the center of each CAD/CAM restorative material as shown in Figure 2.

Surface observation of the sample was performed at an accelerating voltage of 10.0 to 30.0 kV using a scanning electron microscope (SEM: S-2600N, HITACHI; JSM-IT100, JEOL). An energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDS) was added to a scanning electron microscope (JSM-IT100, JEOL) to perform elemental analysis on the surface of the titanium plate.

The surface morphology of the biofunctionalized scaffolds was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-IT100, Japan). The chemical compositions of the biofunctionalized surfaces were analyzed using an X-ray energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) (JEOL JSM-IT100, Japan). The phase composition of the scaffolds was determined using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker, USA) with Bragg–Brentano geometry and a Lynxeye position-sensitive detector. The XRD analysis was conducted using Cu Kα radiation, at 45 kV and 40 mA, at a step size of 0.030°, and with a counting time of 2 s per step. The obtained XRD patterns were analyzed with the Diffrac Suite.EVA v5.2 software (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). The absolute porosity of the scaffolds was determined using Equation (1): $$\phi =\left(1-\frac{m/\rho }{V_{bulk}}\right)\times 100\%$$
where φ is the absolute porosity [%], m is the mass [g] of the scaffold, ρ is the theoretical density of Ti6Al4V alloy (i.e., 0.00441 g/mm³), and V_bulk is the bulk volume [mm³], calculated from the diameter and height of the scaffold specimen.