In the study, TiO2 nanoparticles with a composition of 80% anatase and 20% rutile, a primary particle size of 21 nm, and a surface area of approximately 50 m2/g were procured from Degussa Co. (Germany), with a purity of 99.9%. For pH adjustment, nitric acid (HNO3) at 69% purity, hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 37% purity, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 99.9% purity were supplied by Merck Co. (Germany). MB, serving as the model pollutant and also obtained from Merck Co. (Germany), was used with a purity of 99%. All reagents were used without further purification to ensure the integrity of the experimental results and maintain consistency throughout the study. The MB dye used in this study has its properties listed in Table 1 . To ensure the homogeneity of the TiO2 suspension, an ultrasonic bath from Wise Clean Witeg Labortechnik was utilized. The irradiation source was UV-C radiation from three 9-W Philips Model lamps. A 12V DC motor rotated the discs, and a peristaltic pump (model PP-100 by Nogen Pars) ensured improved circulation of the suspension.
Tio2 nanoparticles
Manufactured by Evonik
Sourced in Germany
TiO2 nanoparticles are a type of lab equipment produced by Evonik. They are nanoparticles made of titanium dioxide, a white inorganic compound. The core function of TiO2 nanoparticles is to serve as a photocatalyst, which can be used in various applications requiring light-induced chemical reactions.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Nitric acid hno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by HACH (1 mentions)
Pvdf hfp, by Solvay (1 mentions)
X maxn 150 mm2 silicon drift detector, by Oxford Instruments (1 mentions)
Digital micrograph, by Ametek (1 mentions)
Jem 2100f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
4 protocols using tio2 nanoparticles
1
Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue
2
Characterization of Photosensitizers in Aqueous Solution
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All chemicals are AR grade. Anhydrous ethanol, Methyl Orange (MO), Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene Blue (MB), 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol ( ), and melamine (Tt) were obtained from Shanghai Titan Technology Co., Ltd. Acetic acid (HAc) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), potassium hydrogen monopersulfate (PMS), methanol, and Nafion perfluorinated resin were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. TiO2 nanoparticles (P25, ~ 80% of anatase and ~ 20% of rutile) were obtained from Degussa (Evonik, Germany). Deionized water (DI water, ER = 18.5 MΩ·cm−1) was prepared in our laboratory.
3
Fabrication of PVDF-HFP/TiO2 Membranes
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Metronidazole (MNZ-C6H9N3O3) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Relevant physicochemical properties of MNZ are presented in Table 1 . Hydrochloric acid (HCl 37%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥95%) were obtained from HACH Company (Loveland, CO, USA). All solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (Milli-Q). Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene), PVDF-HFP, with a molecular weight of 600,000 g/mol and an HFP content of 12% was supplied by Solvay (Brussels, Belgium). Sigma-Aldrich provided N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), and TiO2 nanoparticles (P25, ≥99.5%) with a surface area ranging from 35 to 65 m2/g were supplied by Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany).
4
Physicochemical Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles
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TiO2 nanoparticles were obtained from Evonik Industries (Germany) as a fine white powder with a hydrophilic characteristic caused by hydroxyl groups on the surface. The nanoparticles consisted of aggregated primary particles; the mean diameter of the primary particle was approximately 21 nm, and the weight ratio of anatase/rutile was approximately 80/20 according to the manufacturer’s information.
Physicochemical characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed with an additional analytical method. The primary particle size and morphology were analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (JEM-2100F, JEOL, Japan) operating at 200 kV. TiO2 NPs for transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis were deposited on carbon-coated nickel mesh grids and were air-dried overnight before analysis. The purity was also analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis on the same TEM images (JEM-2100F TEM equipped with an X-MaxN 150 mm2 silicon drift detector, Oxford Instruments, UK). The average primary particle size was calculated by measuring at least 100 particles using an image analyzer program (DigitalMicrograph, Gatan Inc., USA). The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles in deionized water (10 mg/ml concentration) were analyzed by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method (ELS-8000, Otsuka Electronics, Japan).
Physicochemical characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed with an additional analytical method. The primary particle size and morphology were analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (JEM-2100F, JEOL, Japan) operating at 200 kV. TiO2 NPs for transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis were deposited on carbon-coated nickel mesh grids and were air-dried overnight before analysis. The purity was also analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis on the same TEM images (JEM-2100F TEM equipped with an X-MaxN 150 mm2 silicon drift detector, Oxford Instruments, UK). The average primary particle size was calculated by measuring at least 100 particles using an image analyzer program (DigitalMicrograph, Gatan Inc., USA). The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles in deionized water (10 mg/ml concentration) were analyzed by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method (ELS-8000, Otsuka Electronics, Japan).
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