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12 protocols using rabbit anti 5 ht

1

Immunohistochemistry of Larval Zebrafish

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Larval fish at 4 dpf, 5 dpf and 6 dpf were fixed overnight at 4°C in 4% PFA, rinsed three times in 1X PBS, incubated in 100% Methanol at −20°C for 1 hour and then rehydrated step-wise into 1X PBS at room temperature. Larvae were then incubated in 100% acetone at −20°C for 11 minutes, rinsed three times in 1X PBS, then digested at room temperature in 10 μg/mL Proteinase K for 45 min. (4 dpf), 55 min. (5 dpf) or for 65 min. (6 dpf). Larvae were then rinsed three times in 1X PBS, fixed for 10 minutes in 4% PFA at room temperature, rinsed 3 times in 1X PBS and then incubated in 5% Donkey serum block diluted in 1X PBS-tween-20, supplemented with 1% DMSO (PBTD), for 3 hours. Embryos were then incubated in either rabbit anti-GFP 1:500 (Life Technologies, A-11122), goat anti-GFP 1:500 (Abcam, ab6673), mouse anti-HuC/D (Hu) 1:200 (Invitrogen), mouse anti-Acetylated tubulin 1:1000 (Sigma, T6793) or rabbit anti-5HT 1:1000 (Immunostar) overnight at 4°C. Embryos were then washed out of primary antibody in 1X PBS-tween-20, then incubated at room temperature in 1:700 secondary antibodies Invitrogen Alexa Fluor Donkey anti-Rabbit 488, anti-Rabbit 647, anti-Goat 488 or Donkey anti-Mouse 594 for 3 hours at room temperature. Embryos were rinsed in 1X PBST and imaged in 75% glycerol/1X PBS on a Zeiss 710 2-photon confocal microscope (Beckman Imaging Center, Caltech).
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2

Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization Protocols

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IHC and ISH were performed as described (Zhao et al., 2006 (link)). For the IHC study, sections were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C followed by the use of FITC or Cy3-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch). The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-5-HT (1:5,000, Immunostar), rabbit anti-5-HT-1A (1:200, Santa Cruz) and chicken anti-GFP (polyclonal, 1:500, Aves Labs). For the ISH study, a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe was used as described earlier (Zhao et al., 2006 (link)). Images were taken using a Nikon Eclipse Ti-U microscope.
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3

Immunohistochemical Staining Protocol

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Both wholemounts and sections were incubated for 24–48 hours at 4°C with primary antibodies, followed by 24–48 hours at 4°C with the appropriate secondary a ntibodies (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen). The blocking solutions used were PBS/ 0.5% Triton X-100/ 10% Normal Donkey Serum (NDS) for wholemounts, and PBS / 0.1% Triton X-100/ 5% NDS for sections. For BrdU staining, samples were incubated for 40 min at 37°C w ith 2N HCl followed by 10 min at 25°C with 0.1 M boric acid (pH8.5), prior to incubation with antibodies. For mounting, the wholemounts and sections were embedded with Aqua Poly/Mount mounting medium (Polysciences). Primary antibodies: Mouse anti-AcTub (Sigma, 1:1000), Rabbit anti-5HT (Immunostar, 1:500), Rabbit anti-SERT (Immunostar, 1:500), Rabbit anti-synaptophysin (Abcam, 1:500), Goat anti-vGluT3 (Abcam, 1:200), Rabbit anti-ACIII (Santa Cruz, 1:500), Mouse anti-β-catenin (BD Biosciences, 1:500), Chicken anti-GFP (Aves Labs, 1:500), Rabbit anti-DCX (Cell Signaling, 1:200), Mouse anti-GFAP (Millipore, 1:1000), Mouse anti-Mash1 (BD Biosciences, 1:200) and rat anti-BrdU (Abcam, 1:500).
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4

Immunostaining of Larval Specimens

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Larvae were fixed as above and rehydrated from methanol into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via 5-min changes in 60% methanol, 30% methanol, and then PBS. Larvae were permeabilized with three 10-min washes in PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100 (PBT). To block non-specific staining, larvae were incubated in 5% normal goat serum in PBT for 2 h at room temperature. Normal goat serum was washed out with three 10-min washes in PBT. Larvae were incubated overnight at 4°C in one of two primary antibodies diluted 1:500 in PBT: rabbit-anti-5HT (Immunostar, Cat #20080) or rabbit-anti-phospho-histone H3 (Ser10) (Millipore, Cat #06-570). Larvae were then washed in three 10-min changes in PBT and incubated for 2 h at room temperature in goat-anti-rabbit 488 secondary antibody (Molecular Probes, Cat #A11008) diluted 1:600 in PBT. Larvae were then washed in three 10-min changes of PBS and mounted on poly-l-lysine-coated coverslips using CFM-2 mounting media (CitiFlour LTD).
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5

Immunofluorescent Labeling and Imaging Protocol

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Mounted sections were washed three times with PBS followed by blocking in 5% normal goat serum (NGS) and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS. 0.1% Triton X-100 was added to the blocking buffer depending on the antigen used. Following blocking, sections were incubated in primary antibody diluted in blocking buffer overnight at 4° C. Primary antibodies used were mouse anti-NeuN (1:100, Chemicon), anti-GFAP (1:1,000, Dako), mouse anti-ED1 (Chemicon, 1:100) rabbit anti-5-HT (1:500, Immunostar, Hudson, WI), and anti-Neurofilment (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich). For in vivo PTPσ staining, sagittal 20µM sections encompassing both rostral and caudal to the lesion were probed with anti-PTPσ antibody (1:500, Abnova). The next day, the sections were washed extensively with PBS and incubated in the appropriate secondary antibody or avidin substrate conjugated to Alexafluor 488, 594, or 633 (1:500, Molecular Probes) overnight. After extensive washing, the sections were stained with DAPI (1:1,500 in PBS, Sigma-Aldrich), washed, coverslipped, and viewed with a confocal microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Pixel intensity was measured on images taken on a standard fluorescent microscope (Leica, Germany) with a uniform exposure setting and analyzed using ImageJ.
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6

Serotonin Pathway Enzyme Quantification

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L-[5-3H]-tryptophan citation (27 Ci/mmol) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) were purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Piscataway, NJ) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), respectively. Rabbit polyclonal anti-TPH-1 and -TPH-2 antibodies and TPHs peptides were generous gifts from Dr. Donald M. Kuhn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI and the specificity of both antibodies has been demonstrated previously (Sakowski et al., 2006 (link)). Commercially available antibodies, rabbit anti-5-HT, goat polyclonal to rabbit IgG (HRP), and rabbit anti-actin were purchased from ImmunoStar (Hudson, WI), SouthernBiotech (Birmingham, AL), and Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO), respectively. Materials for molecular biology were obtained from Agilent Technologies (La Jolla, CA), Promega (Madison, WI), and Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).
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7

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Tissues

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Tissues were fixed in Z-fix (Anatech, Battle Creek, MI) and processed for paraffin or frozen sections using standard methods. The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-CHGA (Immunostar, Hudson, MA); rabbit anti-5-HT (Immunostar); mouse monoclonal anti-5-HT (Dako, Carpinteria, CA), guinea pig polyclonal anti-INS (Dako), mouse monoclonal anti-Ki-67 (clone MIB-1, Dako). Secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) were FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit; FITC-conjugated donkey anti-goat and anti-mouse; Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-goat, goat anti-mouse, and anti-rabbit; HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit. Slides were imaged on an Axioskop 2 microscope (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) or on an LSM510 META confocal microscope (Zeiss). Ki-67 was used to assess proliferation. The mitotic index was calculated on the H&E sections for the histology samples according to the 2010 WHO guidelines. Ki-67 indices for the cell block sections were calculated as the total number of tumor cells with positive nuclear staining divided by the total number of tumor cells present.
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8

Quantifying 5-HT+ Axons and Glial Scar in Spinal Cord Injury

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Eight- to ten-week-old GSK3β(+/-) mice and WT littermates were subjected to complete spinal cord transection and allowed to recover for five weeks. Free floating immunohistochemistry with rabbit anti-5-HT (1:20000; Immunostar, Hudson, WI, USA) was performed. Images were taken on a confocal microscope (Leica) and analysis was done with Fiji. 5-HT + axons were quantified along the rostral-caudal axis by counting the total number of axons in a 3,000 μm area caudal to the injury site in eight to ten sections per animal. Cross-sections from uninjured spinal cords obtained at the T7 level were also processed for 5-HT immunostaining as above and 5-HT immunoreactivity was quantified in four sections/animal using FeatureJ software and normalized for the total area of the spinal cord. The glial scar area was evaluated using an anti-GFAP antibody (1:500, DAKO, Queluz, Portugal). The injury area, corresponding to the GFAP-negative area, was measured using Photoshop CS5.
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9

Multimodal Neuroanatomical Mapping

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To compare the localization of the serotonergic elements with catecholaminergic and nitrergic structures, a procedure based on double immunolabeling was used as follows: (1) first incubation for 72 h at 4 ° C in a mixture of rabbit anti-5-HT (ImmunoStar, diluted 1: 1,000) with mouse anti-TH (ImmunoStar; diluted 1: 1,000) or sheep anti-NOS (K205 antibody, kindly donated by Dr. Piers Emson, diluted 1: 20,000); (2) second incubation for 90 min at room temperature in a mixture of secondary antisera: Alexa 594-conjugated chicken anti-rabbit serum (red fluorescence; diluted 1: 300; Molecular Probes; catalogue reference: A21441) and Alexa 488-conjugated chicken anti-mouse serum (green fluorescence; diluted 1: 300; Molecular Probes; catalogue reference A21200) or Alexa 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat serum (green fluorescence; diluted 1: 300; Molecular Probes; catalogue reference: A32814). After rinsing 3 times in PB, the sections were mounted on glass slides and coverslipped with VectaShield (Vector, Burlingame, CA, USA) or UltraCruz TM mounting medium containing DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) for fluorescent labeling of DNA (sc-24941; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
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10

Immunohistochemical Labeling of 4 dpf Zebrafish Larvae

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After drug or morpholino treatments, 4 dpf larvae were euthanized by tricaine methanesulfonate (Sigma) overdose and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) for 2 h at 4°C. After washes in PBS, 4 dpf larvae were incubated in Proteinase K from Tritirachium album (Sigma; Cat#: P4850; ≥800 U/mL; 1 μL per ml of PBS) for 35 min at room temperature and then in glycine [50 mM in PBS with 0.2% Triton X‐100 (PBST)] for 10 min at room temperature. Then, the larvae were incubated with rabbit anti‐5‐HT (Immunostar, Still Water, MN, USA; Cat#: 20080; dilution 1:2500; RRID:AB_572263) or chicken anti‐gfp (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; Cat#: ab13970; dilution 1:500; RRID:AB_300798) antibodies overnight at 4°C. Then, they were rinsed in PBST and incubated overnight at 4°C with Cy3‐conjugated goat anti‐rabbit (Jackson ImmunoResearch; Cat#: 111‐165‐144; dilution 1:500; RRID:AB_2338006) or Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated goat anti‐chicken (Thermo Fisher Scientific; Waltham, MA, USA; Cat#: A‐11039; dilution 1:500; RRID:AB_2534096) antibodies. Antibodies were always diluted in PBST with 1% DMSO, 1% normal goat serum, and 1% bovine serum albumin. Larvae were mounted with 70% glycerol in PBS. Control and treated animals were always processed in parallel and the same antibody solutions were used for both control and treated animals in each experiment.
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