Buchner funnel

Manufactured by Cytiva

Sourced in United Kingdom

A Buchner funnel is a laboratory equipment used for vacuum filtration. It consists of a funnel with a perforated bottom, which is placed on top of a flask or other container. The funnel is used to hold a filter paper or membrane, and the vacuum created in the flask allows for efficient separation of solid and liquid components in a mixture.

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Lab products found in correlation

Whatman number 2 filter paper, by Cytiva (2 mentions) Whatman no 2 filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Whatman no 1 filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Whatman filter paper number 1, by Cytiva (1 mentions) No 5 filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions)

7 protocols using buchner funnel

Acetone Extraction of Curcuma longa Rhizome

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The extraction process for obtaining an acetone extract of C. Longa rhizome (AECUL) followed the standard procedure described by Imafidon et al41 and Adekunle et al42 Fresh rhizomes of C. Longa were peeled and weighed. Thereafter, they were crushed in 80% acetone (1:2 w/v) with a Waring blender (Waring Commercial) for 5 minutes. The resulting mixture was homogenized using a polytron homogenizer for about 3 minutes and the homogenate was filtered under vacuum using a Buchner funnel and Whatman no. 2 filter paper (Whatman PLC). The filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator under vacuum (40°C) and thereafter freeze‐dried in a lyophilizer (Ilshin Lab. Co. Ltd) at −40°C. The resulting acetone extract of C. Longa (AECUL) was weighed and kept in a desiccator until needed.
Acetone was used for the extraction process because it has been reported in the literature to extract high quantities of flavonoids and polyphenols from plant samples. These important phytochemicals have health‐boosting pharmacological activities.41, 42

Onwuemene N.J., Imafidon C.E, & Ayoka A.O. (2019). Curcuma longa normalized cimetidine‐induced pituitary‐testicular dysfunction: Relevance in nutraceutical therapy. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 2(3), 191-200.

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Extraction of Polyphenol-Rich V. amygdalina Leaves

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The procedure for obtaining polyphenol-rich extract of leaves of V. amygdalina (PEVA) was carried out using standard protocol and as described by Mutiu et al. [15 ] and Comfort et al. [16 ]; V. amygdalina leaves were air-dried and pulverized with an electric pulverizer (DIK-2910, Daiki Rika Kogyo Co. Ltd, Tokyo-Japan). The pulverized leaves were weighed, and the value was recorded. This was further crushed in 80% acetone (1:2 w/v) using a Waring blender (Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT). The sample was homogenized in a Polytron Homogenizer (Glen Mills Inc., Clifton, NJ) for 3 min, and the homogenates were filtered under vacuum using Buchner funnel and Whatman number 2 filter paper (Whatman PLC, Middlesex, UK). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator (HahnShin Scientific, HS-2005-N) and freeze-dried in a Lyophilizer (Ilshin Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea). The powdered yield that was obtained (PEVA) was weighed and kept in a desiccator until when needed. The percentage (%) yield of PEVA was calculated as shown below;
% yield of PEVA = yield of PEVA ÷ weight of pulverized leaves × 100% [17 ]
The extraction process was repeated for three different samples and the final % yield of PEVA was expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 3).

Imafidon C.E., Akomolafe R.O., Sanusi A.A., Ogundipe O.J., Olukiran O.S, & Ayowole O.A. (2015). Polyphenol-rich extract of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) leaves ameliorated cadmium-induced alterations in feeding pattern and urine volume of male Wistar rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4(4), 284-292.

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Synthesis and 3D Printing of β-TCP Scaffolds

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In this experiment, β-TCP powder was synthesized by solid-state synthesis using calcium carbonate (CaCO3, Millipore Sigma, ≥ 99.0%) and calcium phosphate dibasic (CaHPO4, Millipore Sigma, 98.0–105.0%) mixed together at a molar ratio of 2:1. The mixture was ball-milled for 12 h at a 2:1 powder to ball ratio and calcined at 1050 °C. After calcining, the powder was mixed with ethanol at 1.5 mL/g for 6 h at a 2:1 ball to powder weight ratio. The powder was dried and washed repeatedly with deionized water over a Buchner funnel and filter paper (Whatman, grade 1) to remove inorganic salts present in the powder. The powder was dried and sieved below 43 μm prior to loading into a binder jet 3D printer (ExOne Innovent⁺®, Pittsburgh, PA). Scaffolds were printed using methods described in previous research (Tarafder et al., 2013a (link)), and the parameters are described in Supplementary Table S1. Briefly, scaffolds were printed with a designed pore size of 400 μm and cured after printing at 175 °C for 1.5 h, depowdered, and sintered at 1250 °C. Final pore size and porosity measurements were included in Supplementary Table S2. All samples were autoclaved prior to cell culture. For ion and drug release, β-TCP powder was pressed into 12 × 2.5 mm disks at 145 MPa using a uniaxial press and sintered at 1250 °C.

Robertson S.F, & Bose S. (2020). Enhanced osteogenesis of 3D printed β-TCP scaffolds with Cissus Quadrangularis extract-loaded polydopamine coatings. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 111, 103945.

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Analytical Techniques for Biomedical Research

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The instruments used in this study were a biosafety level 2 cabinet (BSC), CO₂ incubator, culture dishes, flasks and plates, colony counter, Buchner funnel with No. 1 Whatman filter paper, rotary evaporator, column chromatography assembly, agar plates, spectrophotometer, Milli-Q water purification apparatus, electrophoresis equipment, colorimeter, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a 0.45 μm filter.

Bakhsh A., Cho C., Baritugo K.A., Kim B., Ullah Q., Rahman A, & Park S. (2023). Production and Analytical Aspects of Natural Pigments to Enhance Alternative Meat Product Color. Foods, 12(6), 1281.

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Marula Stem Sequential Extraction Protocol

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Marula soft wood stems were harvested from the University of Pretoria experimental farm with the help of the curator Jason Samuels. The identity of the plant was confirmed by the curator and taxonomist Prof A.E. van Wyk of the herbarium of the University of Pretoria (voucher number PRU 123535).The plant material was diced into small pieces and air dried in the lab. Dried plant material were ground to a coarse powder using a hammer mill and stored in the dark before use. Ground Marula stem samples (100 g) were extracted separately using 1 l of acetone, ethanol and methanol:DCM (1:1) for a total of 3 h with agitation using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. Filtration was done using a Whatman filter paper number 1 on a buchner funnel and concentrated using a rotor vapor at 50 °C. Sequential extraction was done on another sample (100 g) using 1 l of each of hexane followed by DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. Extraction was continuous for a total of 3 h with agitation using a magnetic stirrer. The extracts were filtered and concentrated using a rotory evaporator at 50 °C. The seven Marula stem extracts were stored in the dark.

Shoko T., Maharaj V.J., Naidoo D., Tselanyane M., Nthambeleni R., Khorombi E, & Apostolides Z. (2018). Anti-aging potential of extracts from Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst and its chemical profiling by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18, 54.

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Acetonic Extraction of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves

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Acetonic extraction of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) leaves was carried out as follows; Fresh leaves of the plant were air-dried and pulverized with an electric pulverizer (DIK-2910, Daiki Rika Kogyo Co. Ltd, Tokyo – Japan) and, thereafter, weighed (W1). The pulverized leaves were further crushed in 80% acetone (1:2 w/v) using a Waring blender. The resulting mixture was homogenized in a Polyron Homogenizer (Glen Mills Inc., Clifton, NJ) for about 3 min and the homogenate was filtered under vacuum using Buchner funnel and Whatman number 2 filter paper (Whatman PLC, Middlesex, UK). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum using a Rotary Evaporator (Hahnshin Scientific, HS-2005-N) and freeze-dried in a Lyophilizer (Ilshin Lab. Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea). The yield obtained (after the extraction process) was weighed (W2) and kept in a desiccator until when needed. This yield was the acetonic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf (AEVAL).
The percentage yield of AEVAL was calculated as follows;

% y i e l d = \frac{W 2}{W 1} \times 100

Imafidon C.E., Olukiran O.S., Ogundipe D.J., Eluwole A.O., Adekunle I.A, & Oke G.O. (2018). Acetonic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) attenuates Cd-induced liver injury: Potential application in adjuvant heavy metal therapy. Toxicology Reports, 5, 324-332.

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Quantifying Photosynthetic Pigments and Anthocyanins

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After germination, two grams of fresh leaves was homogenized using chilled mortar containing 10 mL of methanol (80% v/v) and some MgCO₃. Sample extract was collected and filtered using the Buchner funnel through Whatman filter paper no. 5. Extract volume was topped up to 50 mL with methanol (80% v/v). Samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. Adsorption values were measured at 666 nm, 653 nm, and 470 nm using Shimadzu spectrophotometer. Contents of chlorophyll a (C_a), chlorophyll b (C_b), and total carotenoid were assessed based on the modified formulae by Lichtenthaler and Wellburn [11 ] based on micro g/g FW:

\begin{matrix} C_{a} = 15.65 A_{666} - 7.340 A_{653}, \\ C_{b} = 27.05 A_{653} - 11.21 A_{666}, \\ C_{x + c} = 1000 A_{470} - 2.860 C_{a} - (129.2 C_{b} / 245) . \end{matrix}

For measurement of anthocyanin content, 0.1 g of samples was grounded in 3 mL of acidified methanol (99 : 1 of methanol : HCl). Samples were then centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 minutes and the supernatant was kept in the dark, at 4°C for 24 h. Absorbance was recorded at 550 nm, and anthocyanin content was calculated based on an extinction coefficient of 33000/Mol cm [12 ].

Mohajer S., Mat Taha R., Lay M.M., Khorasani Esmaeili A, & Khalili M. (2014). Stimulatory Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Phytochemical Properties, Mitotic Behaviour, and Nutritional Composition of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 854093.

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