Quinine sulfate is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a crystalline salt that serves as a source of the alkaloid quinine, which has various applications in research and analysis. Quinine sulfate is known for its ability to absorb ultraviolet light, making it a useful tool in spectrophotometric and other analytical techniques.
Sodium hydroxide, ethylenediamine, phosphate salt buffer, citric acid, (98%, suitable for fluorescence), and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) hydrate were obtained from Merck (≥ 99%, Merck Co., Darmstadt, Germany). IL-6 and quinine sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Saint Louis, Missouri, USA). Two sequences of single-strand DNA aptamers (Table 1) were designed based on the previous studies [28 (link)] and synthesized by DynaBio and Tacapo Zist Company (Iran). The reagents and chemicals were applied as received with no purification.
The sequences of the ssDNA aptamer
Sample name
Sequence (5′-3′)
1
SH-CTTCCAACGCTCGTATTGTCAGTCTTTAGT-3′
2
SH-(CH2)6-TGGTGGATGGCGCAGTCGGCGACAA-3′
Mahani M., Faghihi-Fard M., Divsar F., Torkzadeh-Mahani M, & Khakbaz F. (2022). Ultrasensitive FRET-based aptasensor for interleukin-6 as a biomarker for COVID-19 progression using nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Mikrochimica Acta, 189(12), 472.
The known phenothiazine and anthracene compounds like C5-PTZ, C5-PTZA, and ANTCN were synthesized using reported procedures.15,16 (link)C5-PTZCN, C5-PTZDCA, and ANTDCA are the compounds that were newly synthesized. Their structures were verified by FT-IR, LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)/HRMS (High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry), and 1H and 13C NMR data (see ESI; pages (3–6) and Fig. (S11–S16)†). PTZ, ANT, ANTA, and BSA were procured from Alfa-Aesar and Sigma Aldrich. They were taken into use as received. BSA protein concentration was kept constant at 5 μM for all measurements. HEPES buffer was bought from SRL, India. H2SO4 and NaOH were procured from SDFCL, India, and SRL, India, respectively. Quinine sulfate was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Spectral grade tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) and MeCN were purchased from TCI, India.
Bhuin S., Halder S., Saha S.K, & Chakravarty M. (2021). Binding interactions and FRET between bovine serum albumin and various phenothiazine-/anthracene-based dyes: a structure–property relationship. RSC Advances, 11(3), 1679-1693.
Terminalia Chebula fruits were collected from Tamil Nadu, India. Aqueous ammonia (NH4OH, 25%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Republic of Korea. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N’-(2-ethane sulfonic acid) (HEPES), p-formaldehyde, quinine sulfate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Generay Biotech, Shanghai, China. HCT-116 human colon cancer cells were purchased from ATCC, CCL-247, Manassas, VA, USA. All the chemicals were used as purchased, and distilled water was used throughout this study.
Atchudan R., Perumal S., Edison T.N., Sundramoorthy A.K., Sangaraju S., Babu R.S, & Lee Y.R. (2022). Sustainable Synthesis of Bright Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Terminalia chebula for In Vitro Imaging. Molecules, 27(22), 8085.
Zielińska S., Czerwińska M.E., Dziągwa-Becker M., Dryś A., Kucharski M., Jezierska-Domaradzka A., Płachno B.J, & Matkowski A. (2020). Modulatory Effect of Chelidonium majus Extract and Its Alkaloids on LPS-Stimulated Cytokine Secretion in Human Neutrophils. Molecules, 25(4), 842.
Glycine and quinine sulfate (98%, suitable for fluorescence) were purchased from Sigma (New York, NY, USA). Iodixanol was purchased from Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China). 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) was purchased from Promega (CellTiter Aqueous One Solution cell proliferation Assay kit, Madison, WI, USA). NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, and H2SO4 were obtained from Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute (Nankai, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China). Fetal bovine serum and Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Invitrogen China Limited (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). All chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
Zhang M., Ju H., Zhang L., Sun M., Zhou Z., Dai Z., Zhang L., Gong A., Wu C, & Du F. (2015). Engineering iodine-doped carbon dots as dual-modal probes for fluorescence and X-ray CT imaging. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 6943-6953.
CMC of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs) were purchased from Waris Nove Company, Malaysia. Polyethylene glycol (M.W. 400) and quinine sulfate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Deionized water (DI) was used throughout all the experiments. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade and used as received without further modification.
Issa M.A., Abidin Z.Z., Pudza M.Y, & Zentou H. (2020). Efficient removal of Cu(ii) from aqueous systems using enhanced quantum yield nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots. RSC Advances, 10(25), 14979-14990.
Citric acid (CA), boric acid (BA), ethylenediamine (EDA), phosphoric acid (PA), quinine sulfate (QS), sulfuric acid (SA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and methanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Munich, Germany) and were used as received. All aqueous solutions were prepared using fresh deionized water. Dialysis bags were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Munich, Germany) and used for CND purification.
Azami M., Wei J., Valizadehderakhshan M., Jayapalan A., Ayodele O.O, & Nowlin K. (2023). Effect of Doping Heteroatoms on the Optical Behaviors and Radical Scavenging Properties of Carbon Nanodots. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 127(15), 7360-7370.
d-(+)-glucose, d-(−)-fructose, and quinine sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). Ultrapure water (Milli-Q purification system, Millipore, France) and HPLC grade solvent (acetonitrile, ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-heptane, methanol, and propan-2-ol; VWR International, Pessac, France) were used for sample preparation and lignan purification. acetonitrile (ACN) and water used for chromatographic separation were LC-MS grade and were purchased from Fisher Chemical (Illkirch, France). Lignans were isolated as previously described by Marchal et al. [26 (link)].
Winstel D, & Marchal A. (2018). Lignans in Spirits: Chemical Diversity, Quantification, and Sensory Impact of (±)-Lyoniresinol. Molecules, 24(1), 117.
All three fluorophores were commercially available and purchased from Sigma Aldrich. fluorescein for fluorescence, free acid (46955 SIGMA), quinine sulfate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) reference standard (1597005 USP), and GFP from jellyfish Aequorea victoria, recombinant expressed in E. coli (11814524001 ROCHE). The structural formulas of fluorescein and quinine sulfate are shown in Fig. 1. GFP is composed of 238 amino acid residues, and its structural formula is not shown here (see [37 (link)] for more information about the structure and composition of GFP). Ethanol and methanol of spectrophotometric grade, as well as 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) were used as solvents for fluorescein, while quinine sulfate was only dissolved in H2SO4. The GFP was purchased and used in a solution form of 1 mg/ml in 5 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0. fluorescein and quinine sulfate were prepared in concentrations of 10− 3 M, 10− 4 M and 10− 5 M for all solvents. Samples were prepared by placing a droplet onto a microscope slide and covered by a 0.17 mm thick glass. All measurements were performed in room temperature (20∘C).
The structural formulas of fluorescein (a) and quinine sulfate (b) (from Sigma Aldrich product catalogue)
Kristoffersen A.S., Erga S.R., Hamre B, & Frette Ø. (2018). Testing Fluorescence Lifetime Standards using Two-Photon Excitation and Time-Domain Instrumentation: Fluorescein, Quinine Sulfate and Green Fluorescent Protein. Journal of Fluorescence, 28(5), 1065-1073.
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