Trimetal CuZnFe oxide NPs were formed by dissolving 0.3 M of zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O], 0.3 M of copper acetate hydrate [Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O], and 0.3 M of iron nitrate nonahydrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O] in 300 mL of MeOH and stirring constantly for 30–40 min. When the solution was completely dissolved, 60 mL of n-propyl amine [CH3–(CH2)2–NH2] was added, followed by the dropwise addition of 0.1 M of NaOH to increase the basicity of the solution. The pH of the solution, checked via a pH meter (Cole Parmer), was 12.61. The mixture was transferred to a double-necked refluxing pot and refluxed at ~90°C for 6 h to obtain a red precipitate. The precipitate was washed several times with MeOH, EtOH, and acetone to remove ionic impurities and dried at room temperature. The material was studied for its structural and chemical properties.
Ph meter
Manufactured by Cole-Parmer
Sourced in United States
The pH meter is a device used to measure the pH, or acidity, of a liquid or solution. It determines the pH value by detecting the concentration of hydrogen ions in the sample.
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9 protocols using ph meter
1
Synthesis of Trimetal CuZnFe Oxide Nanoparticles
2
Facile Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles
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CuO NPs were synthesized using copper acetate hydrate [Cu(CH3•COO)2•H2O], n-propyl amine [CH3–(CH2)2–NH2], and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. In a typical experiment, 0.3 M of copper acetate hydrate and 20 mL of n-propyl amine were mixed in 100 mL of MeOH with constant stirring, after which the solution turned blue. NaOH (0.1 M) was mixed into the solution in steps and shaken each time to ensure complete mixing. After adding the NaOH, the pH of the solution, checked via a pH meter (Cole Parmer), was 12.01 because of the increased basicity of the solution. The solution was transferred to a double-necked refluxing pot and refluxed at ~90°C for 6 h. As the temperature of the solution increased, the color changed from blue to dark brown to black. After the reaction was complete, the product was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 3 min and washed repeatedly with MeOH, EtOH, and acetone to remove the intermediate by-products. The material was dried at room temperature in a glass Petri dish and utilized for further chemical, morphological, and biological studies.
3
Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
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The formation of CuO-NPs was accomplished with the use of precursor copper acetate hydrate (Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O), n-propyl amine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) purchased from Aldrich chemical corporation USA and used as received. In an experiment: 15 mM copper acetate hydrate (~300 mg) and n-propylamine (20 mL) were mixed in 100 mL of methanol (MeOH) under constant stirring, after mixing blue colored solution was appeared in a beaker. To this transparent blue colored solution, NaOH (2 × 10−1 M, ~200 mg), mixed and shaked each time for complete mingling. After the complete addition, pH of solution was checked via pH meter (cole parmer, USA). Due to increase basicity of the solution, pH was reached upto 12.01. After the complete mixing, the solution was shifted to glass pot with two necked arrangement and heated at 90 °C for 2 h. As the solution temperature rises, the blue colored solution changes to dark brown colored solution and then black. After refluxing, the precipitate of the formed powder product was steady to the glass pot. Washed well with alcohol and characterized as previously described6 .
4
NMR-Based Viscosity and pD Measurements
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After all of the NMR experiments (except for the concentration determination of the TEMPOL radical) were finished, pD and viscosity were measured.
Lovis 2000 ME/DMA 4100 (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria), a combined microviscometer and density meter, was used to measure the dynamic viscosity, η, by falling ball principle (1.5 mm steel ball in a 1.62 mm capillary made of polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE) and density, ρ, by oscillating U-tube method at 25 °C and 37 °C [74 (link),75 (link)]. Due to the larger volume requirements of the method for ρ (1 mL), independently prepared solutions of 200 mM glycine (without 13C labelling) as well as 200 mM glycine with 200 mM AA in D2O were used, neglecting the effect of the low concentration of TEMPOL in the main sample series (Table S1 ).
The pD of all samples was measured by a pH meter (Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) with a calibrated micro-electrode (Hamilton, Reno, NV, USA) directly in the NMR tube and corrected from the value read on the pH meter (pH*) as pD = pH* + 0.40 [76 (link)]. Since the pD can change during the chemical reactions under study, the pD of experimentally inaccessible states were calculated from known parameters and reaction schemes as described inSupporting Information .
Lovis 2000 ME/DMA 4100 (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria), a combined microviscometer and density meter, was used to measure the dynamic viscosity, η, by falling ball principle (1.5 mm steel ball in a 1.62 mm capillary made of polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE) and density, ρ, by oscillating U-tube method at 25 °C and 37 °C [74 (link),75 (link)]. Due to the larger volume requirements of the method for ρ (1 mL), independently prepared solutions of 200 mM glycine (without 13C labelling) as well as 200 mM glycine with 200 mM AA in D2O were used, neglecting the effect of the low concentration of TEMPOL in the main sample series (
The pD of all samples was measured by a pH meter (Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) with a calibrated micro-electrode (Hamilton, Reno, NV, USA) directly in the NMR tube and corrected from the value read on the pH meter (pH*) as pD = pH* + 0.40 [76 (link)]. Since the pD can change during the chemical reactions under study, the pD of experimentally inaccessible states were calculated from known parameters and reaction schemes as described in
5
Measuring Pumpkin Drying Parameters
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The superficial pH was determined with a surface combined glass electrode Ag /AgCl connected to a pH meter (Cole-Parmer, USA).
The water loss of pumpkin cylinders during the drying process was determined as the difference between initial and final mass.
The water activity (a w ) was measured with a hygrometer (Aqualab, USA) at 20 C, and the moisture content was determined with a moisture analyzer (Ohaus MB-45, USA).
All measurements were performed at least in duplicate and the mean values ± standard deviations (SD) were reported.
The water loss of pumpkin cylinders during the drying process was determined as the difference between initial and final mass.
The water activity (a w ) was measured with a hygrometer (Aqualab, USA) at 20 C, and the moisture content was determined with a moisture analyzer (Ohaus MB-45, USA).
All measurements were performed at least in duplicate and the mean values ± standard deviations (SD) were reported.
6
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
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AuNPs were prepared by the chemical reduction method as reported by Turkevich et al.14 A solution of HAuCl4 was used as an Au3+ ions precursor, while sodium citrate was used as both a mild reducing and stabilizing agent. The solution slowly turned into a faint pink color, indicating the reduction of the Au3+ ions to AuNPs. The fabrication of AuNPs was performed through a colloidal reduction process of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O) with salt of trisodium citrate (N3C6H5O7) purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. Ltd. (99% pure) and used without further purification. In a typical experiment, 2 mM HAuCl4·3H2O was dissolved in 100 mL of double distilled water. To this solution, 1% N3C6H5O7 (~3 mM) was mixed drop by drop via micropipette, and the pH was measured with a pH meter (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA), which was shown to reach 7.88. The obtained pinkish-colored solution was stirred vigorously and refluxed at boiling temperature for 15–20 minutes, whereupon the pinkish-colored solution changed to the deep red-colored solution typical of AuNPs. The obtained colloidal solution was analyzed for the morphological analysis via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) under 40 kHz sonication energy and stored for the further morphological and other elemental analysis.
7
Batch Adsorption of DNB Onto OPBC and MAG-OPBC
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For the batch experimental runs, a stock solution of DNB in water with a concentration of 100 ppm was used. The pH of the water used to suspend OPBC and MAG-OPBC was adjusted to the desired levels by adding 0.1 M solutions of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, as specified in Table 2 . A pH meter from Jenway (Cole-Parmer, Stone, Staffordshire, UK) was utilized to measure the pH, while a UV-Vis spectrophotometer from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) with matched quartz cells of 10 mm was used to determine the concentrations of DNB before and after it was adsorbed onto the sorbent. The supernatant solution was filtered using a non-sterile nylon Millex syringe filter with a pore size of 0.45 µm.
8
Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Analysis
9
Honey pH Determination Protocol
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The pH values of the honey samples were determined by using a pH meter (Cole-Parmer, Illinois, USA). A 10% (w/v) honey solution was prepared in fresh Milli-Q water. The pH of each honey was measured on the same day, and the experiments were conducted in duplicate for each sample.
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