Walking was carried out on the treadmill H/P/Cosmos Mercury 4.0 (H/P/Cosmos sports & medical gmbh, Germany) with a canvas size of 150 × 50 cm. The body weight of the subjects was determined before each session of the experiment using Kistler force plate (Kistler Group, Switzerland) installed under the treadmill canvas. The change and regulation of the gravitational load on the musculoskeletal system was carried out by vertical unloading using the H/P/Cosmos-Air Walk system (H/P/Cosmos sports and medical gmbh, Germany), consisting of the Jun-Air Blue line Model 4-4 compressor, a frame structure and a special H/P/Cosmos-Air Walk vest (Figure 2 ). Locomotor test included different BWU mode (Martian gravity mode—35% of the Earth’s weight and Lunar gravity—15% of the Earth’s weight).
Force plate
Manufactured by Kistler
Sourced in Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Germany
A force plate is a device used to measure the forces exerted by an object or person on a surface. It is a sensitive platform that records the magnitude and direction of the forces applied to it. The force plate is a core component of various laboratory equipment and is commonly used in biomechanics, gait analysis, and sports performance analysis.
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Lab products found in correlation
49 protocols using force plate
1
Treadmill Walking with Gravity Unloading
2
Postural Stability Assessment using Force Plate
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Postural stability during a 30 s stance was recorded with eyes opened and closed using a Kistler force plate (type: 9286 AA, Kistler Instrumente, Wintherthur, Switzerland). To assess postural stability, the following three postural sway parameters were used: the mean total center of pressure (COP) velocity and mean COP velocities in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. The results of two trials for each condition (order was random) were averaged. The data were filtered using a fourth order low-pass Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of 7 Hz using MATLAB version R2010b (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA).
3
Evaluating Maximal Squat Strength
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Maximum squat strength was tested using the back squat movement. Therefore, the bar was placed on the trapezius muscle. For the isometric testing, the bar was fixed using the Smith machine after the participant took the corresponding position to perform the testing at the required knee joint angle (90°, parallel squat, deep squat). The maximum isometric strength was determined using a Kistler force plate (Kistler, Sindelfingen, Germany) (Fig. 1a).
4
Gait Biomechanics Measurement Protocol
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The motion was measured by four optoelectronic cameras (Codamotion system; Charnwood Dynamics; Rothley, UK) used to acquire, with a sampling rate of 200 Hz, the position of 28 markers, placed on anatomical points located on the shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, feet and toes.
Two force platforms (Kistler force-plate; Kistler Instrument Corp.; Amherst, NY, USA) were used to obtain reference values of the contact forces and moments for two consecutive steps. The sampling rate of the platforms is 1000 Hz.
Four healthy adults male subjects (23.8 ± 2.17 years old, 177.2 ± 6.5 cm, 74, 4 ± 7, 47 kg) completed six gait tests each, for a total of 24 tests. For each test, two consecutive steps were performed on the platforms. The subjects were asked to walk comfortably (mean speed 1.39 ± 0.19 m/s). The vertical and horizontal GRF, the GRM in the sagital plane and the COP are computed from the force platforms measurement. Two healthy male subjects completed an unilateral squat jump test where they were asked to stand still for two seconds on one foot, then to jump and smoothly land on the same foot.
Two force platforms (Kistler force-plate; Kistler Instrument Corp.; Amherst, NY, USA) were used to obtain reference values of the contact forces and moments for two consecutive steps. The sampling rate of the platforms is 1000 Hz.
Four healthy adults male subjects (23.8 ± 2.17 years old, 177.2 ± 6.5 cm, 74, 4 ± 7, 47 kg) completed six gait tests each, for a total of 24 tests. For each test, two consecutive steps were performed on the platforms. The subjects were asked to walk comfortably (mean speed 1.39 ± 0.19 m/s). The vertical and horizontal GRF, the GRM in the sagital plane and the COP are computed from the force platforms measurement. Two healthy male subjects completed an unilateral squat jump test where they were asked to stand still for two seconds on one foot, then to jump and smoothly land on the same foot.
5
Unilateral Leg Power Assessment via OL-CMJ
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To assess unilateral explosive leg power, OL-CMJs were performed on a Kistler force plate (Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). The athletes performed 2 CMJs per leg, without shoes, and the highest jumping height (in cm) for each leg was used in the analyses. Both hands remained on the hips during the jumping test. The participants started the movement by standing erect on 1 leg on the platform and then quickly bent at the hip, knees, and ankles before starting the upward motion of the jump.26 (link), 27 (link) The athletes were allowed to land on both feet. The jump height was calculated using the impulse-momentum method.28 Good reliability has been demonstrated for OL-CMJ (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.78–0.90).26 (link)
6
Validity of Gyko Inertial Sensor
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A single-group study design was used to examine concurrent (criterion-related) validity of the Gyko inertial sensor system for the assessment of CMJ and SJ height. Maximal vertical jump height (dependent variable) was simultaneously assessed using three different test apparatus, the Gyko inertial sensor system, a Kistler force-plate, and Optojump photoelectric cell system in female sub-elite youth soccer players. The Kistler force-plate represents the gold-standard and was used as criterion device. The Optojump system was used as another criterion device because it is frequently used by practitioners in the field. This is due to certain advantages of the Optojump system as compared to force-plates like less expensive, mobile, easy to administer, and applicable on different surfaces (e.g., firm ground, sand).
7
Gait Analysis for Knee Osteoarthritis
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Gait analysis will be performed at 1 week preoperatively and 6 months and 1, 5, and 10 years postoperatively. After a few practice trials, all subjects will perform trials of 10 m level walking with shoes at a comfortable walking speed in a gait laboratory. Gait kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) will be evaluated using the Microsoft Kinect developed as a video device to assess the spatiotemporal gait kinematics and the Kistler Force Plate (Kistler Instrument, AG, Winterthur, Switzerland), respectively. Gait kinematics parameters will include knee adduction and flexion angle, external knee adduction moment (KAM), GRF, walking speed, walking stride, and lateral thrust. KAM will be calculated using the Vicon bodybuilder® software (Oxford Metrics Ltd, Oxford, UK).
8
Repetitive Countermovement Jump Biomechanics
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RCMJ is a VJ, mainly including cyclic eccentric/concentric muscle movement that involves muscle movements of the trunk, hip, knee, and ankle extensors. Jump is a squat-pushing combined with many coordinated joint movements of the lower extremity and trunk. RCMJ is the biomechanically and functionally lowest semi-squat position (knee <90° and trunk/hips in the flexed position). RCMJ is performed for 30 s in succession and continuously, reaching the highest point at each jump. A three dimensional Kistler force plate (Dimensions: 600 × 500 × 50 mm; Type 5691A; Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) was used as the gold standard and criterion device for the Repetitive Counter Movement Jump (RCMJ) test of the athletes. The force plate was firmly placed on the ground to measure vertical reaction forces (Range: 0–10 kN; sampling rate: 1,000 Hz, FIR-Savitzky Golay Filter) during RCMJ. The force plate was connected to a personal computer (HP, ProBook 450 G6), and calculation was made using the proprietary software (Kistler Measurement, Analysis and Reporting Software: MARS), the above-mentioned formula, and gravitational force (g[m/(s∧2)]) (Makaraci et al., 2021b (link)).
9
Lower Body Kinematics During Running
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Passive markers (14mm in diameter) were placed at precise anatomical landmarks and anthropometric measurements were recorded in accordance with the lower body Plug-in-Gait model (Vicon TM , Oxford). Following a familiarisation period participants performed multiple running trials at a standardised horizontal velocity = 3.83±0.40 m•s -1 whilst making right footground contact with a force plate situated 13 m along the 20 m runway. Participants typically performed 20 running trials which ensured at least six trials were successful for further analysis i.e. a clean foot strike and correct running velocity. Three-dimensional coordinate (sample rate: 120 Hz) data of the passive markers were collected using a 12 camera Vicon system (Vicon TM , Oxford) synchronized with a Kistler force plate (Kistler TM , Switzerland, 9281C; sample rate: 1080 Hz). The protocol and data collection was replicated seven years later.
10
Postural Sway Analysis Across Sensory Conditions
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The standing postural sway of the participants was tested in four trials of quiet stance during different conditions. The participant stood on a Kistler force plate (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) either with or without a six cm thick compliant balance-pad (AIREX, Sins, Switzerland), with open or closed eyes. The stance was standardized so that the distance between the first metatarsals was equal to 75% of the distance between the anterior superior iliac spines, with a self-chosen rotational angle of the feet. Each trial was recorded for 30 s. The Kistler software allows for a sampling rate of 1500 or 3000 Hz. In order to be able to sync the signals with those of the kinematics (sampled at 200 Hz), a sampling rate of 3000 Hz was used. The postural sway data was filtered with a lowpass Butterworth filter with a cutoff at 10 Hz. Then, for each of the four trials, the area of the smallest ellipse that fitted 95% of the data point swarm was calculated by using a principal component analysis (PCA).
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