Spss 27.0 for windows software

Interrater reliability testing of the data collection tool was performed using Cohen's κ coefficient. Data were entered and cleaned prior to analysis using the statistical program, SPSS 27.0 for Windows software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of infants and their clinical data at birth. Analyses were undertaken according to data level and distribution, and the results were reported as absolute (n) and relative (%), medians, and interquartile ranges (IQRs) in tables, as appropriate. Spearman's ρ test was used as a non-parametric alternative for ranked continuous variables. It is used in inferential analyses (hypothesis testing) to describe relationships between clinical and/or case factors and socioeconomic factors that contribute to improved outcomes of ECDD.

Statistical analyses were performed using Student t-test for continuous variables. Variables based on repeated observations were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. To evaluate factors associated with the healing status 12 months after surgery, the clinical variables including defect volume, affected bones, gender, the location within the bone (diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis), types of the lesion (cystic vs. solid), and age, as well as radiographical assessments of the values of resorption and trabeculation up to 3 months postoperatively were examined by multiple regression analysis. For categorical variables, multiple regression analysis was conducted with dummy variables. Spearman rank method was used to analyze correlations between the levels of bone metabolic markers and the healing status 12 months after surgery. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS 27.0 for Windows software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.

The follow-up period was calculated from the date of the surgery to that of the last visit. We investigated whether tumor location (intramuscular or others), tumor size, the presence of preoperative biopsy, surgical methods (enucleation or en bloc resection), and types of parent nerve (major nerve or minor nerve) were associated with postoperative complications. In the upper extremity, the median, ulnar, radial, axillary, musculocutaneous, and brachial plexus nerves; in the lower extremity and pelvis, the femoral, sciatic, tibial, peroneal, obturator, and pelvic plexus nerves were defined as the major nerves according to a previous report [22 (link)]. Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical data. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare medians of nonparametric continuous variables. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS 27.0 for Windows software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.