Admscs

Three types of MSCs were expanded as previously reported [16 (link), 17 (link)]. BMMSCs (Cat no. PT-2501, Lonza, USA) were maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic-penicillin/streptomycin solution. ADMSCs (Cat no. R7788-115, Invitrogen) were expanded using MesenPRO RS™ basal medium, growth supplements and 2% FBS. SFMSCs were plated in complete culture medium consisting of α -MEM (Invitrogen) with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic-penicillin/streptomycin solution and 250 ng/ml amphotericin B (Invitrogen). All types of cells were incubated at 37 °C under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.

The human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were purchased from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Monza, Italy). The human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPMSCs) were obtained from healthy permanent premolars extracted during orthodontic treatment, under informed consent [9 (link)]. The human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UBMSCs) were obtained from the tissue of umbilical cords of full-term pregnancies. Informed consent was obtained from each patient according to the guidelines of the National Bioethics Committee, and the samples were treated following a protocol approved by the University of Bologna. All the cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% CO₂ in DMEM/F12 Glutamax® medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher, Monza, Italy) supplemented with 10% FBS (v/v) and 1% (v/v) penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, Thermo Fisher, Monza, Italy). In this study, all the cells were used between passages 4 and 7.