Multi n c 2100s toc analyzer

Information concerning the crystal structures of the synthesized samples was acquired by powder XRD (Bruker AXS D8 diffractometer) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted under constant nitrogen flow on a TA thermal analyzer at a rate of 15 °C/min from 25 to 800 °C. The FTIR spectra were recorded using an Agilent FTIR spectrometer with KBr. The N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms were collected using a Quanta Chrome Nova surface area and pore size analyzer at − 196 °C. The specific surface area of the samples was calculated by the BET method, and the total pore volume was determined from the volume of N₂ taken up by the samples at P/P⁰ = 0.95. Besides, the BJH method was used to calculate the pore size distribution of the samples using the desorption branch of the isotherm. The surface morphologies of the samples were scrutinized with E-SEM (Thermo Scientific Quattro S). The chemical compositions and mapping images of the samples were determined by EDX associated with the E-SEM instrument. The XPS spectra were recorded on a Thermo-Fisher Scientific spectrometer with monochromatic X-ray Al Kα radiation. The total organic carbon (TOC) was measured on Analytic Jena multi N/C 2100S TOC analyzer.