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9 protocols using uv 2250 spectrophotometer

1

Physiological and Biochemical Responses Assay

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Electrolyte leakage (EL) was measured according to Sun et al. (2018 (link)). The total chlorophyll was extracted with 80% acetone, and a UV‐2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to measure the chlorophyll content according to Liu et al. (2021 (link)). RWC was calculated following the method of Jia et al. (2021b (link)). The leaf angle was the angle between the straight part of the leaf and the stem. A CIRAS‐3 portable photosynthesis system (CIRAS‐3; PP Systems, Amesbury, MA) was used to measure photosynthetic parameters. The chlorophyll fluorescence was detected using a chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system (IMAGING‐PAM, WALZ, Bavaria, Germany).
NBT and DAB were used to detect the accumulation of superoxide radical (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively (Fryer et al., 2002 (link)). Free proline content, as well as MDA, H2O2, O2 and P5CS activity were detected using their corresponding detection kits (Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China).
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2

Glutathione-Mediated Synthesis of Luminescent Nanomaterials

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All reagents were of analytical grade and used as obtained. Citric acid monohydrate (CA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) were purchased from Aladdin chemical industry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Urease was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Other common chemical reagents, like Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 for phosphate buffer (PB) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
UV-vis absorption spectra were measured on a UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). The Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) was used to collect the fluorescence spectra with both excitation and emission slit widths of 5 nm. All UV-vis absorption and fluorescence measurements were performed at room temperature under ambient conditions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was collected using a NICOLET iS50 Infrared Spectroscopy (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained on FEI Talos F200S. Zeta-potentials and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were measured on Litesizer 500 Nanometer laser particle size analyzer (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria).
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3

Nanomaterial Characterization by Advanced Techniques

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Ultrapure water was produced by a Millipore-Q Academic Water Purification System (USA). UV-vis measurements were recorded by a UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) and the colorimetric photos were taken by a digital camera. The pH of the solutions was measured by a pB-10 potentiometer (Sartorius). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted on a JEM 2100 transmission electron microscope (Japan).
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4

Chlorophyll Extraction and Fluorescence Measurement

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According to the method of Arnon (1949) (link), the cleaned leaves were cut into filaments of about 0.1 cm with scissors. 0.1 g of the mixed filaments were weighed and loaded into a 10 mL centrifuge tube containing 8 mL 80% acetone. After shaking evenly, they were placed in a dark place (room temperature, 24 h) and shaken 3–4 times during the period. The optical density values at the wavelengths of 663, 645, and 470 nm were determined by UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
For chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, black cloth was used to cover fresh, mature leaves at the same position on plants from each treatment for 30 min. Fv/Fm (the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II) was measured using a three-dimensional chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system (FC800, PSI, Czech Republic). The parameters of this system were set as follows: the shutter value was 1; the light source was flashes; and the sensitivity value was 70%.
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5

Characterization of Nanoparticle Morphology

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The UV-vis spectra were recorded on a UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The transmission electron microscope technique (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100, Tokyo, Japan) was used to analyze the morphologies of the samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed by an ESCALAB 250Xi multi-technique surface analysis system (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Hydrodynamic size and zeta potential were measured by a Malvern Nano ZS90 Zetasizer (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
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6

Stress Tolerance Assays for Nicotiana nudicaulis

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Four-week-old seedlings of N. nudicaulia were used for assays of heat stress tolerance. Seedlings of N. nudicaulia were cultured in a growth chamber under a 14 h light/10 h dark photoperiod at 23 °C. For the heat stress treatment, the temperature of the light incubator was adjusted to 48 °C for 6 h. Electrolyte leakage (EL) of leaves was measured according to Sun et al. (2018) [59 (link)]. According to previous method, tobacco leaves were excised and scored according to their fresh weight, rehydrated and dry weights, and RWC = (fresh weight − dry weight)/(rehydrated weight−dry weight)”, and this was used to calculate RWC of leaves [60 (link)]. Chlorophyll content was determined by UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) after leaf chlorophyll was extracted with 80% acetone, as described by Liu et al. (2021) [61 (link)]. The activities of SOD, POD, and the MDA, H2O2, and O2− content, were detected with their corresponding detection kits (Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China). Each experiment was repeated three times.
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7

Comprehensive Characterization of AIE Dots

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A Bruker Advance 400 MHz spectrometer was used to record the NMR spectra. CDCl3 was employed as the solvent with tetramethylsilane as the internal standard (400 MHz for 1H-NMR referenced to TMS at δ = 0.00 ppm and 100 MHz for 13C-NMR referenced to CDCl3 at 77.00 ppm). High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was performed on a Waters LCT Premier XE spectrometer. UV-Vis-NIR spectra were collected by using a Shimadzu UV-2250 spectrophotometer. The photoluminescence spectra and their absolute photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) were measured using a FLS980 transient steady-state fluorescence spectrometer of Edinburgh Instruments. A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 was used to measure the hydrodynamic sizes, the PDI, and the zeta potential at room temperature. The morphology of AIE dots was imaged by using a HR-TEM electron microscope (JEOL-2100). The cell cytotoxicity was confirmed by using a WST-1 kit in a MD Spectra Max 190 microplate reader. The photoacoustic characterization was performed via an acoustic-resolution PA microscopy system of FujiFilm VisualSonics. The fluorescence imaging of the live animals in the NIR-I region was performed by using a Xenogen optical imaging system. The NIR-II fluorescence pictures were captured with a NIR-OPTICS Series III 900/1700 small animal imaging system (Suzhou NIR-Optics Technology Co., Ltd.) equipped with a 1000 nm long pass filter.
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8

Quantifying Chlorophyll Concentration and Fluorescence

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Chlorophyll concentration was measured using the method of Arnon [62 (link)]. In brief, 8 mL 80% acetone was added to 0.1 g fresh leaves in the dark for at least 24 h to extract pigments, and the mixture was shaken 3–4 times during this period until the leaves turned white. Each treatment was set up with 3 biological replicates. The optical density values were measured at 663, 645, and 470 nm with a UV-2250 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
To measure chlorophyll fluorescence, fully expanded leaves with minimal salt damage from the same position on 5 plants were wrapped in tin foil. After 20 min of dark adaptation, the leaves were cut and placed into the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system (IMAGING-PAM, Heinz Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) to monitor the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The parameters of the imaging system were set as follows: meas. light 3, act. light 5, ext. light 3, int 10, and FoFm 6 [63 (link)]. Five analytical replicates were selected from the measurement results for analysis.
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9

Caspase-3 Colorimetric Assay for Apoptosis Quantification

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A Caspase-3 colorimetric assay kit was used to evaluate Caspase-3 activity. The assay is based on the cleavage of DEVD-pNA, the chromogenic substrate, by Caspase-3. HeLa cells were seeded into 96-well white opaque plates (6x10 3 cells/well) and a corresponding optically transparent 96-well plate, and allowed to adhere overnight, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Following cellular adhesion, cells were treated with PAB (0, 2, 4 and 8 µmol/l) for 48 h. At the end of the incubation period, cells were harvested, lysed in chilled lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Suzhou, China) on ice for 10 min and centrifuged for 5 min at 1,500 x g. Subsequently, Caspase substrate solution, containing the specific peptide substrate, was added to the supernatant and incubated for 2 h at 37˚C. Finally, Caspase-3 activity was spectrophotometrically quantified at a wavelength of 405 nm using the UV-2250 Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
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