Hydrochloric acid (hcl)

Manufactured by Carlo Erba

Sourced in Italy, France, Germany, United States, Spain, Egypt

Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid. It is a chemical compound composed of hydrogen and chlorine. Hydrochloric acid is commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Carlo Erba (15 mentions) Methanol, by Carlo Erba (8 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Carlo Erba (6 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Rutin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Ethanol, by Carlo Erba (5 mentions) Formic acid, by Carlo Erba (5 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Potassium hydroxide, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions) Chloroform, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions) Dichloromethane, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions) Diethyl ether, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Absolute ethanol, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions) Nitric acid, by Carlo Erba (4 mentions) Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)

85 protocols using hydrochloric acid (hcl)

Porous Biochar-Supported Metal Phosphide Catalysts

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Oil palm fibers were cut and sieved into a size between 0.5–3 mm to prepare porous biochar as a supporter of metal phosphide catalysts. Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂•6H₂O, 98% purity), Nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂•6H₂O, 98% purity), Iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Fe(NO₃)₂•9H₂O, 98% purity), and Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄•4H₂O, 99% purity) were used as metal phosphide precursors (CARLO ERBA Reagents Co., Ltd., Paris, France).
Potassium hydroxide (KOH, 85% purity) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from CARLO ERBA Reagents. High purity-grade (99.99%) nitrogen and hydrogen were used in these experiments. The palm oil feedstock (palm olein oil) was supplied from a local supermarket in Thailand. The fatty acid composition of the palm oil is mainly composed of lauric acid (C12:0) 0.4%; myristic acid (C14:0) 0.8%; palmitic acid (C16:0) 37.4%; palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 0.2%; stearic acid (C18:0) 3.6%; oleic acid (C18:1) 45.8%; linoleic acid (C18:2) 11.1%; linolemic acid (18:3), respectively [25 (link)].

Kaewtrakulchai N., Smuthkochorn A., Manatura K., Panomsuwan G., Fuji M, & Eiad-Ua A. (2022). Porous Biochar Supported Transition Metal Phosphide Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Palm Oil to Bio-Jet Fuel. Materials, 15(19), 6584.

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Corn Zein-Based Encapsulation of Iron

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Corn zein (Zein F4400C non-GMO/food grade) was a kind gift of Flo Chemical Corporation (Ashburnham, MA, USA). KLEPTOSE^® (beta-cyclodextrin, βCD) was purchased by Roquette Italia SpA (Alessandria, Italy) and iron bisglycinate (FeBIS, total iron content of 26% by wt) was a kind gift from Giusto Faravelli SpA (Milan, Italy). Phenolphthalein, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, monobasic potassium phosphate, and pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa were from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). M ethanol and hydrochloric acid were from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy), and ethanol was from Honeywell (Seelze, Germany). All the other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Ultrapure water was used for all experiments.

Esposito D., Dal Poggetto G., Demont A., Kraut N., Miro A., Ungaro F., Laurienzo P, & Quaglia F. (2020). Zein Beta-Cyclodextrin Micropowders for Iron Bisglycinate Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 12(1), 60.

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Analytical Method for Phytochemical Profiling

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All chemicals and reagents were either analytical-reagent or HPLC grade. Ultrapure deionized water, with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm, was obtained from a Milli-Q^® Integral water purification system with a Q-pod purchased from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Acetic acid, acetonitrile, and 2-propanol were purchased from VWR International S.r.l. (Milan, Italy); hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). The methanol HPLC gradient grade was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Standard solutions of vanillic acid, trans-ferulic acid, syringic acid, myricetin, naringenin, pinocembrin, luteolin, and hesperidin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Chlorogenic acid was purchased from HWI Analytik GmbH (Rülzheim, Germany). Gallic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, indometacine, histamine, and anti-α-tubulin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich S.r.l. (Milan, Italy). The IFN-γ was obtained from Pepro Tech EC (London, England). The anti-ICAM-1 antibody (sc-51632) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Milan, Italy), anti-COX-2 (35-8200) from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Milan, Italy), and -α- tubulin (T6074) from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).

Albouchi F., Avola R., Dico G.M., Calabrese V., Graziano A.C., Abderrabba M, & Cardile V. (2018). Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Polyphenols Modulate Interferon Gamma/Histamine-Induced Inflammation in Human NCTC 2544 Keratinocytes. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(10), 2526.

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Phytochemical Extraction and Characterization

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Chemicals, solvents and standards used for the extractions and characterization methods were: carbon dioxide (≥ 99.5%) from Praxair; dichloromethane (≥ 99.9%, HPLC grade), chloroform (≥ 99%), methanol (≥ 99.9%, HPLC grade), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, p.a.) and ethyl acetate (≥ 99.9%, HPLC grade) from Carlo Erba (Val de Reuil, France); Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent from PanReac (Barcelona, Spain); sodium carbonate from Pronalab (Lisbon, Portugal); gallic acid (97.5-102.5%), β-carotene (Type I, 95% UV), linolenic acid (≥ 99%), Tween 40, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, Type VI-S, 500 U/mg protein), 5,5′-dithiobis[2-nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB, ≥ 98%), acetylthiocholine iodide (AChI, ≥ 98%), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, ≥ 98.5%), ethanol (≥ 99.8%, p.a.) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris Buffer) from Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 99%) from Acrós Organics (Geel, Belgium); phosmet (Foslete®) from Sipcam -Quimagro (Lisbon, Portugal), and dimethoate (Perfekthion®) from Portuguese BASF (Porto, Portugal).

Gaspar M.C., Sousa H.C.d., Seabra I.J., & Braga M.E. (2020). Environmentally-safe scCO2 P. pinaster branches extracts: Composition and properties. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 37, 74-84.

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Peptide Synthesis and Characterization

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The peptides PSELT (H-Phe-Gln-Ile-Cys-Val-Ser-Sec-Gly-Tyr-Arg-OH), [Ser46,49] PSELT [called inert PSELT (I-PSELT) as a control], and PSELT-dansyl were synthesized by Fmoc solid phase methodology on an automated peptide synthesizer (CEM, Saclay, France) as previously described [19 (link)]. KCl, NaCl, NaHCO₃, CaCl₂, MgSO₄, KH₂PO₄, NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, mannitol, glucose, Na-pyruvate, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced disodium salt hydrate, 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), butylated hydroxyanisole, diethyl ether, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, pyrogallol, streptomycin sulfate, tween-20, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and urea were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tunicamycin (TM) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12), penicillin/streptomycin and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All the solutions were freshly prepared before starting the experiments. Absolute ethanol, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid, methanol, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, Milano, Italy).

Rocca C., De Bartolo A., Granieri M.C., Rago V., Amelio D., Falbo F., Malivindi R., Mazza R., Cerra M.C., Boukhzar L., Lefranc B., Leprince J., Anouar Y, & Angelone T. (2022). The Antioxidant Selenoprotein T Mimetic, PSELT, Induces Preconditioning-like Myocardial Protection by Relieving Endoplasmic-Reticulum Stress. Antioxidants, 11(3), 571.

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HPLC Analysis of Anthelmintic Drugs

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HPLC grade methanol (B. No. 4549892, Mumbai, India), HPLC grade acetonitrile (B. No. 2189056, Mumbai, India and B. No. D6L012106L, Carlo Erba, France) were used. The other reagents utilized include, hydrochloric acid 37% (B. No V1N797131 N, Carlo Erba, France), sulfuric acid 98% (B. No 7664939, Mumbai India). The chemicals used include ammonium di-Hydrogen Phosphate (B. No 7722-76-1, Mumbai, India), sodium hydroxide (B. No 15530806, Mumbai India), sodium dodecyl sulfate (B. No. 9840973F, BDH chemicals ltd Poole, England), Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (Bulux laboratories Ltd. 121005). The primary reference standards used were parbendazole United States Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard (USP RS) (Lot No. R02810, China), albendazole USP RS (Lot No. R110MO, Mexico with potency of 99.6%), Ivermectin British Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard (BP RS) (batch No. 3549, UK with potency of 90.6%), Fenbendazole BP RS (batch No. 3808, UK with potency of 99.6%).

Getahun M., Tefera B., Bacha B., Eticha T, & Ashenef A. (2023). Quality of veterinary anthelmintic drugs marketed in Gondar Zones, North West Ethiopia; presence of poor-quality medicines. Heliyon, 9(7), e18023.

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Optimization of Bacterial Growth Conditions

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The effect of pH (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5), NaCl (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%), and sucrose concentration (0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M) on growth parameters was assessed at 25°C, 30°C, and 37°C by turbidimetric measurements. Growth kinetics were carried out in duplicate wells of 96-well microtiter plates in MRS broth eventually modified with hydrochloric acid (Carlo Erba), sucrose (Sigma Aldrich), or NaCl (Carlo Erba). Overnight cultures were diluted 1:100 (vol/vol) in maximum recovery diluent, and for each condition 10 µL of the cell culture were added to 190 µL of MRS broth. Microplates were incubated at the selected temperature up to 72 h. Control conditions for each temperature (CTRL; MRS broth) were also assessed. Optical density (OD) at 630 nm was measured at 30-min intervals using a Sunrise microplate reader (Tecan Italia Srl). The kinetic data were modeled using the online tool GCAT (Bukhman et al., 2015) (link) according to the Gompertz equation (Zwietering et al., 1990) (link) shown in Equation [1]:
where t is time (h), y is response (i.e., the log-transformed OD value), A (amplitude) is the upper asymptote, µ max is the maximum specific growth rate (log OD/h), and λ is the lag time (h).

Bisson G., Marino M., Poletti D., Innocente N, & Maifreni M. (2021). Turbidimetric definition of growth limits in probiotic Lactobacillus strains from the perspective of an adaptation strategy. Journal of dairy science, 104(12).

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PFAS Quantification by Mass Spectrometry

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Mass spectrometry grade acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, formic acid, and methanol were acquired from Fluka /Honeywell (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide pellets (>98%) were obtained from Fluka/Honeywell, and ammonium hydroxide (33%) and sodium acetate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid (37%) was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, MI, Italy). Oasis WAX (Weak Anionic eXchange) 3 cc Vac Cartridges, 60 mg (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) were used for solid-phase extraction (SPE).
Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ/cm) was obtained using a Human Power I lab water purification system (Human Corp., Seoul, South Korea). PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS standards and the corresponding isotopically labelled standards (IS), sodium perfluoro-1-[1,2,3,4-13 C4]octanesulfonate (M-PFOS), perfluoro-n-[1,2,3,4-13 C4]octanoic acid (M-PFOA), perfluoro-n-[1,2,3,4,5-13 C5]nonanoic acid (M-PFNA), and perfluoro-1hexane[ 18 O2]sulfonate (M-PFHxS) were purchased from Wellington Laboratories (Guelph, ON, Canada). An appropriate amount of each standard was combined and diluted in methanol to obtain a 'PFAS working solution' at a concentration of 50 ng/mL. The 'IS working solution' was prepared using the same procedure.

Gazzotti T., Sirri F., Ghelli E., Zironi E., Zampiga M, & Pagliuca G. (2021). Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in eggs from backyard chickens reared in Italy. Food chemistry, 362.

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In Vitro Assessment of Collagenase Inhibition by Fenugreek Seed Powder

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Fenugreek seed powder was received from Herbal Acharn’s Home Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Rutin trihydrate (>98% purity), tricine buffer, collagenase from clostridium histolyticum and FALGPA (N-[3(2-furyl) acryloyl]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala), direct red 80, picric acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, absolute ethanol, formic acid, sodium dehydrate phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Carlo Erba (Emmendingen, Germany). Commercial grade ethanol was purchased from Italmar Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Cholesterol was purchased from Cosmeplus Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Propylene glycol and solubilizer mixture were purchased from S. Tong Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Nonthaburi, Thailand). Sorbitan oleate was purchased from Croda Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Phospholipid (Phospholipon 90G) was purchased from Cargill Siam Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Tocopherol acetate was purchased from Namsiang Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). The preservative was purchased from Forecus Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Paraformaldehyde was purchased from Himadia Laboratories (Mumbai, India) and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was purchased from Calbiochem (Burlington, MA, USA).

Eaknai W., Bunwatcharaphansakun P., Phungbun C., Jantimaporn A., Chaisri S., Boonrungsiman S., Nimmannit U, & Khongkow M. (2022). Ethanolic Fenugreek Extract: Its Molecular Mechanisms against Skin Aging and the Enhanced Functions by Nanoencapsulation. Pharmaceuticals, 15(2), 254.

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Comprehensive Carotenoid and Vitamin Analysis

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Retinyl acetate, β-carotene, α-carotene, vitamin D₃ (> 95% pure), deuterated vitamin D₃, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), phytic acid, DMACA, vanillin, iron III, pancreatin, ammonium thiocyanate, catechins, α-amylase, pepsin, bile, ferric chloride and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). Lutein, lycopene, phytoene and phytofluene were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). Soyasaponin I was generously supplied by Stéphane Georgé, CTCPA Avignon. Canned tomato pulp, red bell peppers and Isio4 oil (Lesieur, Asnières, France) were purchased from a local supermarket (Marseille, France). Methanol, acetonitrile, hexane, dichloromethane, methyl-tert-butylether, acetone, ethanol absolute anhydrous, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide were purchased from CarloErba Reagents (Peypin, France).

Alvarado-Ramos K., Bravo-Nunez Á., Halimi C., Maillot M., Icard-Vernière C., Forti C., Preite C., Ferrari L., Sala T., Losa A., Cominelli E., Sparvoli F., Camilli E., Lisciani S., Marconi S., Georgé S., Mouquet-Rivier C., Kunert K, & Reboul E. (2024). Improving the antinutritional profiles of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) moderately impacts carotenoid bioaccessibility but not mineral solubility. Scientific Reports, 14, 11908.

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