Casein sodium salt

Albumin, bovine fraction V (BSA), and casein sodium salt were from Sigma-Aldrich. A chimeric IgG1 comprising a mouse leader and VH sequence (from TIB142 antitrinitrophenyl [TNP]; American Type Culture Collection) joined to a human IgG1 C region sequence (IgG1 anti-TNP) was previously described.^{39 (link)} Biotin mouse anti-huIgG1 (A10650, clone HP6069), biotin mouse anti-huIgG3 (05-3640, clone HP6047), and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) substrate and the high-sensitivity streptavidin–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate were from Thermo Fisher (Melbourne, Australia). HIV-1 gp140 AD8 was as previously described.^{40 (link),41 (link)}

Commercial food additive SiO₂ (AEROSIL 200F, food grade) was purchased from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany). Food grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide was purchased from Tioxide Europe SRL. (Ternate, VA, Italy) and Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. (New Brunswick, NJ, USA), respectively. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), casein sodium salt, maltose monohydrate, triton X-100, Bradford reagent, isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). BamHI and XbaI were purchased from New England Biolabs Inc. (Ipswich, MA, USA). Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and T4 lagase were obtained from BD Difco (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and Promega Co (Madison, Wl, USA), respectively. Pfu polymerase and dNTP were purchased from Bioneer Co. (Daejeon, Korea). Waxy maize starch and sucrose were obtained from Yakuri Pure Chemicals (Kyoto, Japan) and Samyang Co. (Gyeonggi, Korea), respectively. Acrylamide solution (30%) was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratory (Hercules, California, USA). Anodized aluminum oxide membranes (AnodiscTM, pore size 0.2 μm) and Ni-NTA agarose resin were purchased from Whatman (Maidstone, UK) and Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, CA, USA), respectively. Six processed foods were purchased from the local market.