Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium ham s f 12 nutrient mixture dmem f12

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham’s F-12 nutrient mixture (DMEM/F12) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY), hydrocortisone from Sigma–Aldrich (MO, USA), de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth and Luria-Bertani (LB) broth from Aobox (Beijing, China), cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), RIPA lysis buffer, BCA protein assay kit and BCIP/NBT colour development kit from Solarbio (Beijing, China), and ultrapure RNA extraction kit from CWBIO (Beijing, China). Uelris Il RT–PCR System for First-Strand cDNA Synthesis and AugeGreen™ qPCR Master Mix from US Everbright Inc. (CA, USA), and an Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Primary antibodies against p38 (Catalog #8690 T), phospho-p38 (Catalog #4511 T), ERK (Catalog #4695 T), phospho-ERK (Catalog #4370 T), JNK (Catalog #9252 T), phospho-JNK (Catalog #4668 T) and IκBα (Catalog #4812S) were acquired from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), and antibodies against NF-κB p65 (Catalog #bs-0465R), NF-κB phospho-p65 (Catalog #bs-0982R), phospho-IκBα (Catalog #bsm-52169R) and β-actin (Catalog #bs-0061R) were purchased from Bioss (Woburn, MA, USA).

Cadmium acetate (CdAc₂), Pue (for in vivo studies), and poly L-lysine hydrobromide (L-glutamine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) and penicillin–streptomycin were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Neurobasal^TM medium, B-27 supplement, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F-12), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Rapamycin (Rap), Lyso-Tracker Red (LTR), Hoechst33342 staining, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). DQ-BSA-Green was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Pue (for in vitro studies) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) was purchased from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). All other chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade.