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21 protocols using cella

1

Histological Analysis of Growth Plate

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Growth plate (GP) of the proximal tibiae was examined by histological techniques at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Tibiae were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA, Rehovot, Sigma, USA) at 4 °C followed by 2 weeks of decalcification in Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Next, tibiae were dehydrated and processed as described in previous publications [19 (link),20 (link)]. Transverse tissue sections of 5μm were prepared with Leica microtome (Agentec, Rehovot, Israel).
Safranin-O staining was performed as described elsewhere [21 (link),22 (link)]. The sections for all histological analysis were dried and mounted with DPX mounting for histology. For imaging Eclipse E400 Nikon light microscope with DP71 camera was used, controlled by Cell A software (Olympus, Israel). Following Safranin-O staining, the thickness of each GP was measured in Cell A (Olympus) software with a measuring tool feature at 11 selected locations throughout the GP. The zones selected for measuring of the GP included the resting, proliferating and the hypertrophic zone.
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2

Microscopic Analysis of Olfactory Bulb

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Light- and electron microscopy analyses were performed as described before (Petrasch-Parwez et al., 2007 (link)). Briefly, removed brains were adjusted in a plexiglass frame, embedded in 2% agarose in PBS and cut into 1 mm coronal slices with a vibratome cutter. Slices with the two main olfactory bulbs were photo-documented in PBS (Fig. 4A and C), then postfixed with 4% osmium tetroxide in PBS for 3 h and embedded in araldite. One side was taken for series of semithin sections to investigate morphological alterations light microscopically (Fig. 4B, D, E–H), the other side was taken for alternate semi- and ultrathin sections for electron microscopic analyses (Fig. 5). Semithin sections (0.75 μm) were stained with 1% toluidine blue. Ultrathin sections (100 nm) were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Photo-documentation of semithin sections was performed by an Olympus Microscope BH-2 equipped with an Olympus camera DP-71 (Olympus, Japan) and the computer-assisted software analysis Cell A (Soft imaging system GmbH, Germany). Ultrathin sections were viewed in a Philips EM 420 electron microscope. All data were exported as TIFF files into Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended (vs.12.04 × 64; Adobe Imaging Systems Inc., USA) for documentation. Images used in the same figure were adjusted for brightness and contrast in Adobe Photoshop.
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3

Cresyl Violet Staining for Morphological Reference

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Every 10th section was stained with 0.5% cresyl violet solution (pH 4.8, Certistain®, Art. Nr. 1.05235, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for morphological reference of adjacent immunostained sections.
Photodocumentation of cresyl violet and peroxidase-immunostained sections was performed with an Olympus Microscope BH-2 equipped with a camera Olympus DP-71 (Olympus, Japan) and the computer-assisted software analysis Cell A (Soft imaging system GmbH, Germany). The images were photoprocessed as TIFF files using Adobe Photoshop (version 2015) to adjust contrast and brightness.
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4

Visualizing Protein-Protein Interactions via BiFC

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BiFC assays were performed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Fusion constructs in appropriate combinations were co-injected into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Tobacco mesophyll protoplasts were isolated and incubated in liquid medium as previously described [21 (link)]. At least three individual experiments were performed for each combination. BiFC protein–protein interactions were examined using epifluorescence microscopy 3 to 4 days after infiltration. YFP fluorescence was visualized using the fluorescent filter #41017, Endow GFP Bandpass Emission Filter (Chroma Technology Corp., Bellows Falls, VT, USA), and the chlorophyll autofluorescence was visualized with the U-MSWG filter set (Olympus BX-50 or Leica DMi8 inverted microscope with High-Speed Fluorescence—External Filter Wheels for Living Cell and Leica LAS X (version 3.7.2.22383) software). Images were taken with an Olympus DP71 camera, using Cell^A (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, Münster, Germany). Parameters for the signal detection were laser line 514 nm, emission spectrum 520–600 nm for GFP, and emission spectrum 610–660 nm for chlorophyll autofluorescence.
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5

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Assay

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HSP90.1–HA–YFPc, and HSP90.2-HA-YFPc [39 (link)], and BZR1–cMyc–nYFP, RGA-cMyc–nYFP, RGA-HA-YFPc and GAI-cMyc–nYFP were cloned either into the pSPYCE or the pSPYNE vector using appropriate primers (Table S1). BiFC assays were performed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. At least three individual experiments were performed for each combination. BiFC protein–protein interactions were investigated using epifluorescence microscopy 3 to 4 d after infiltration [85 (link)]. YFP fluorescence was visualized using the fluorescent filter #41017, Endow GFP Bandpass Emission Filter (Chroma Technology Corp, Bellows Falls, VT, USA) and the chlorophyll autofluorescence was visualized with the UMSWG filter set (Olympus, Shinjuku City, NRT, Japan). Images were taken with an Olympus DP71 camera, using Cell^A (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions). Final merging of images was performed using Adobe Photoshop CS5 (version 9.01) software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA).
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6

Measuring Refractive Changes in Chicken Eyes

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The refractive state was evaluated with an automated eccentric infrared photorefractor adapted by Schaeffel for measurements in chickens. 20 The highest hyperopic value at which the retinal reflex was reversed was taken to be the resting refraction. Refractive state measurements were taken preoperatively at 1, 2, and 3 months postimplantation and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months postexplantation. Refractive measurements were taken with the animals awake and under mesopic viewing conditions as previously described. 26 Tissue processing and light microscopy All eyes were exenterated and fixed with 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours, and then washed in 0.1 M buffer phosphate and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections were stained with H&E and periodic acid-Schiff. 19 The sections were examined under an Olympus BX41 microscope (Olympus Life Science, Hamburg, Germany) and two photomicrographs of each cornea were obtained with an Olympus DP20 Digital Camera. Quantitative measurements of the photographs were taken using the program Cell A (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany). Stromal cells were counted at 10× magnification using the Touch Count function in a total area of 10 000 µm 2 in deep stroma where the ICRSs were implanted.
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7

Histological Analysis of Corneal Tissue

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Animals were euthanized on days 2, 30, and 60 after treatments by intracardiac injection of sodium pentobarbital (Dolethal 0737-ESP; Vetoquinol, Madrid, Spain) under general anesthesia. Eyes were enucleated and divided into three groups: group 1, UVX; group 2, RGX; and group 3, contralateral untreated eyes (control). Corneas were then fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Five-lm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E). Sections were examined under an Olympus BX41 microscope (Olympus Life Science, Hamburg, Germany), and photomicrographs were obtained with an Olympus DP20 Digital Camera. Quantitative measurements of the photographs were made using the program Cell A (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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8

Cell Viability Assay by Flow Cytometry and Microscopy

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For flow cytometry, cells were washed once in PBS and resuspended in 1mL of calcein (LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit for mammalian cells, Molecular Probes, OR, USA) diluted 1/80 in DMSO and 5μL Propidium Iodide (PI) at 0.5mg/mL. The mixed sample was then incubated for 15–20 minutes at room temperature, protected from light. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using 488nm excitation and measuring green fluorescence emission for calcein (530/30 bandpass) and red fluorescence emission for PI (610/20 bandpass) on the BD LSRFortessa cell analyzer (BD Biosciences, France). Data were exported and analyzed with the Flowjo software.
For fluorescence microscopy, harvested cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 4°C for 30min. After a PBS wash, cells were adhered to a microscope fluorescence slide. The slides were mounted with SlowFade Gold antifade mountant with DAPI (Life Technologies, Saint-Aubin, France). Observations were carried out using a BX51 fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Rungis, France) and images acquired using the fluorescence imaging system CellA (Olympus, Rungis, France).
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9

TUNEL Assay for DNA Breaks Detection

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To detect DNA double-strand breaks, we applied the TUNEL test using the in situ cell death detection kit, fluorescein (Roche, Meyla, France). Cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde 4%, laid on an immunoslide and permeabilized with a 0.1% triton X-100 and 0.1% sodium citrate solution for 2min at 4°C. After three washes in PBS, the enzyme was added, diluted 1/10 in the kit buffer. The cells were washed five times in PBS before air drying and the addition of SlowFade Gold antifade mountant with DAPI (Life Technologies, Saint-Aubin, France). Cells were observed using a BX51 fluorescence microscope (Olympus, France). Bright field and fluorescence images were acquired using the fluorescence imaging system CellA (Olympus, Rungis, France).
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10

Corneal Thickness and Cell Counting

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Corneal thickness and cell counting were carried out using methods described in a previous study. 22 Briefly, in each cornea, three measurements of corneal full thickness were taken at 340 magnification. Cells were then counted at 3100 magnification using the Touch Count function from Cell A software (Olympus). All cells below the epithelium to above the endothelium in columns of 90,000-lm 2 area were counted in the center of the cornea and limbus. Each column was divided into anterior, medial, and posterior layers, each approximately 30,000 lm 2 . All H-E-stained sections were prepared identically to facilitate comparison.
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