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6 protocols using 4 hydroxy 3 methoxycinnamic acid

1

Formulation of a Nutraceutical Blend

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B-Can™ 70% Oat Beta-Glucan purchased in Garuda International, Inc. (California, United States), and a decaffeinated phenol-rich (45%) green coffee extract acquired from Quimifarma Laboratorios S.L. (Toledo, Spain), were selected for the design of the nutraceutical. The mixture of 3.57 g BG and 0.66 g of GCPE (considering their purity) was flavoured (vanilla and chocolate) to increase its acceptability and was presented in single-dose sachets for dispersion in water (Quimifarma Laboratorios S.L. Toledo, Spain).
All solvents and reagents were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. Ascorbic; 5caffeoylquinic acid; 3´,4´-dihydroxycinnamic acid; 4´-hydroxy-3´-methoxycinnamic acid; 4´hydroxycinnamic acid; hippuric acid; 3-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid; 3-(4´-hydroxy-3´methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid;
3-(4´-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;
3-(3´hydroxyphenyl)propanonic acid; 3´,4´-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 4´-hydroxy-3´methoxyphenylacetic acid; 4´-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3´-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3,4dihydroxybenzoic acid; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3hydroxybenzoic acid were from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Methanol, formic acid and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were acquired from Panreac (Madrid, Spain).
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2

Antioxidant Capacity Determination Protocol

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The reference compounds 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 4′-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (−-epicatechin, apigenin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and β-carotene, and the individual sugars glucose, fructose, and sucrose, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Formic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. LC-MS grade water, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile were acquired from PanReac Applichem (Castellar del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain).
Note: the names for the phenolic compounds used in this paper are based on the nomenclature thesaurus of Kay et al., 2020 [16 (link)].
The reagents 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein, potassium persulfate, sodium hydroxyde, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium hydrogen phosphate were also acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
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3

Quantification of Polyphenol Metabolites

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Ascorbic, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3′,4′-dihydroxycinnamic acid, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid, 4′-hydroxycinnamic acid; hippuric acid, 3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3′,4′-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 4′-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3′-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). HPLC-grade solvents were acquired from Panreac (Madrid, Spain). Ultrapure water from MilliQ system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiment.
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4

Standardized LC-MS/MS Phenolic Analysis

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Methanol for
LC–MS analysis was purchased from Panreac AppliChem (Darmstadt,
Germany). Acetonitrile and 99% formic acid (both LC–MS grades)
were obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). The pure phenolic
standards for LC–MS/MS were acquired from different manufacturers.
In order to standardize, the recommended nomenclature of (poly)phenols
proposed by Kay et al.30 (link) is used in the
present study (Table S1). Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-8-C-glucoside, apigenin-6,8-C-diglucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside,
luteolin-8-C-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside,
quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, 4-caffeoylquinic
acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4′-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3′,4′-dihydroxycinnamic
acid, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid, 3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxycinnamic
acid, 4-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxycinnamic, benzene-1,2-diol,
3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic
acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards
of 3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid and
3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid were obtained
from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Naringenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and 2-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, were
acquired from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France).
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5

Antioxidant Assays Protocol

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1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), nitro blue tetrazolium dihydrochloride (NBT), phenazine methosulphate (PMS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 2-deoxy-D-ribose, hydrogen peroxide, disodium ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ferric chloride, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and ascorbic acid (AA) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim is the correct city nameSteinheim, Germany). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
Phenolic standards: ellagic acid (95%), syringic acid (98%), epicatechin (96%), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid (95%), rutin (95%), vanillic acid (95%), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (95%), protocatechuic acid (96%), caffeic acid (95%), coumaric acid (98%), epigallocatechin (97%), catechin (95%), quercetin (95%), and resveratrol (99%) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim is the correct city nameSteinhiem, Germany). Ferulic acid (97%) and chlorogenic acid (95%) were purchased from the European Pharmacopoeia (EP).
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6

Phenolic Compounds Isolation and Characterization

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Carbon dioxide (mass fraction
purity 0.999 in the liquid phase) was supplied by Sapio S.r.l. (Udine,
Italy). Sep-Pak Plus tC18 cartridge WAT 036810 and WAT036800 were
purchased from Waters (Milan, Italy). The Folin–Ciocalteau
reagent, 2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl, reagents of analytical grade
or higher available purity, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin,
gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic
acid (syringic acid), 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic
acid (ferulic acid), 4-hydroxycinnamicacid (p-coumaric
acid), and trans-resveratrol were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
The other phenolic compounds were
quercetin, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside),
kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, rhamnetin,
isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), and myricetin and were supplied by Extrasynthese
(Lyon, France).
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