Yeast extract peptone dextrose ypd

Clinical isolates of all fungal species (Supplementary Table S3) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), BEI Resources (Manassas, VA, USA), or the U.S. CDC (Atlanta, GA, USA). Vero cells (strain NR-10385) were acquired from BEI Resources. Amphotericin B (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), itraconazole (TCI, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), 5-Fluorocytosine (TCI, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and fluconazole (Acros Organics, New Jersey, USA) were acquired from commercial vendors. Both Amphotericin B and fluconazole were dissolved in DMSO to prepare stock 10 mg/mL solutions. Yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD, Becton, Dickinson, and Company, Sparks, MD, USA), RPMI-1640 (Gibco, Grand, Island, NY, USA), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS, Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Corning, Manassas, VA, USA), minimum essential medium (MEM, Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Corning, Manassas, VA, USA), penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), crystal violet (Acros Organics, New Jersey, USA), sodium 3′-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbony]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 96-well plates (CellTreat, Pepperell, MA, USA) were all purchased from commercial vendors.

Cultures of Escherichia coli were inoculated from glycerol stocks into 5 mL lysogeny broth (LB) (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) cultures in 50 mL glass conical culture tubes, and grown at 37 °C with 200 rotations per minute (rpm) shaking overnight. Cultures of R. toruloides strain IFO0880 and other strains of R. toruloides developed in this manuscript were inoculated from glycerol stocks into 5 mL Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose (YPD) (Becton, Dickinson and Company) cultures in 50 mL glass conical culture tubes, and grown at 30 °C with 200 rpm shaking for 2 to 3 days.