Patients with MCI and AD underwent the PSG study to evaluate their nocturnal sleep, as previously reported (SOMNOscreen; SOMNOmedics GmbH) [7, 21 (link)]. Briefly, the montage consisted of 2 oculographic channels, 3 electromyographic channels (mental and anterior tibialis muscles), and 8 electroencephalographic channels (F4, C4, O2, A2, F3, C3, O1, and A1). PSG recordings were evaluated by experts in sleep medicine (CL, FP, FI) and the following standard PSG variables were included in the analysis: time in bed (TIB, time spent in bed between lights off and lights on), SOL (the interval between lights off and the first sleep epoch), TST (the actual sleep time without sleep onset latency and awakenings), SE (the ratio of total sleep time to time in bed), REM sleep latency (REML, the interval between sleep onset and the first epoch of REM), stage 1 of non-REM sleep (N1), stage 2 of non-REM sleep (N2), stage 3 of non-REM sleep (N3), REM sleep, and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO). Sleep stage percentages were calculated over the TST. The wake bouts index, defined as continuous sequences of wake epochs occurring after the beginning of persistent sleep and then divided by the number of hours of sleep was identified and computed over TIB.
Somnoscreen
Manufactured by SOMNOmedics
Sourced in Germany
The SOMNOscreen is a diagnostic sleep monitoring device used for the assessment of sleep-related disorders. It is designed to record physiological data during sleep, including brain activity, eye movements, muscle tone, breathing patterns, and blood oxygen levels. The SOMNOscreen provides comprehensive data to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and other sleep-related disorders.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using somnoscreen
1
Sleep Architecture in MCI and AD
2
Polysomnography Scoring Protocol
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PSG was performed according to the manual of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)14 and included electroencephalogram, electrooculogram (to record eye movement), chin electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram, expiration thermistor measurements, chest and abdominal expansion, arterial oxygen saturation, snoring, and leg EMG measurements. PSG parameters were automatically scored using one of four PSG systems (Alice 3 [Respironics, Murrysville, PA, USA], Somnostar Pro [Viasys, Conshohocken, PA, USA], SandmanElite [Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA], or Somnoscreen [Somnomedics, Randersacker, Germany]) and revised manually by trained technicians. Analyses were performed using the Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria15 until August 2015, and the 2007 AASM criteria14 after September 2015.
3
Comprehensive Sleep Assessment Protocol
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Each eligible subject underwent a comprehensive sleep assessment. Neck circumference (cm) was measured between the midcervical vertebra and midanterior neck by a flexible tape [24 (link)]. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to assess the risk of daytime sleepiness, which was measured for each study subject [25 (link)]. All participants underwent overnight PSG (SOMNOscreen; SOMNOmedics GmbH, Germany) supported by the US Food and Drug Administration. Alcohol or sleeping medicines must be strictly prohibited before the PSG examination. The SOMNOscreen device continuously monitored and recorded abdominal and chest motion, respiratory effort airflow, arterial oxygen saturation, electroencephalogram, and electrocardiogram through computerized polysomnograms. Based on the 2012 standards of the AASM criteria, sleep stage and cardiopulmonary events were manually evaluated by certified technicians [26 (link)]. The definition of hypopnea was greater than 3% oxygen desaturation and sustaining for at least 10 s. The definition of apnea was airflow complete cessation or a 90% airflow decrease in baseline amplitude sustaining for at least 10 s. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated as the total of hypopneas and apneas per hour of sleep. The criterion of OSA diagnosis was AHI at least 5 events per hour.
4
Polysomnographic Evaluation of OSA
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All OSA patients underwent PSG recording to evaluate nocturnal sleep (SOMNOscreen, SOMNOmedics GmbH, Randersacker, Germany). The following standard parameters were computed: sleep onset latency (SL; the time-interval between the lights off and the first sleep epoch), total sleep time (TST; the actual sleep time without SL and awakenings), sleep efficiency (SE; the ratio between TST and time in bed), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency (REML; the time interval between the sleep onset and the first epoch of REM sleep), stage 1 of non-REM sleep (N1), stage 2 of non-REM sleep (N2), stage 3 of non-REM sleep (N3), REM sleep (REM), and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO). Sleep stages were calculated as percentages of the TST. Apnoea was defined as a reduction of > 90% of respiratory airflow for 10 or more seconds, while hypopnoea has been determined as the reduction of > 30% of respiratory airflow for 10 or more seconds associated with an oxygen desaturation of ≥ 3%. The severity of OSA is determined by AHI (the sum of all apnoeas and hypopnoeas per hour of sleep). The following oxygen saturation (SaO2) parameters were evaluated: mean SaO2, nadir SaO2, time spent with SaO2 < 90% (T < 90), and ODI (number of oxygen desaturations ≥ 3% per hour). PSG recordings were scored based on the international standard criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine [38 ].
5
Polysomnographic Study of Sleep Patterns
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The polysomnographic (PSG) study was performed according to the guidelines of theAmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine (Berry et al., 2015) at the participants preferred premises in order to keep as constant as possible their sleep routine and environment. Lights "off" was established at22.00h and lights "on" at 07.00h, and polysomnograms (Somnoscreen, Somnomedics GmbH, Randersacker, Germany)were collected overnight. The PSG recording included the following parameters: electroencephalogram(according to the international 10-20 system: F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2,ground (at AFz) and a reference electrode at position FCz); right and left electrooculogram; submental and both tibialis anterior muscles; body position; electrocardiogram; thoracic and abdominal efforts (piezoelectric transducers); oronasal airflow (thermistor); and oxygen saturation. Due to the domestic environment, no video and sound were assessed. All PSG-related outcome measures including sleep stages were determined using the standard scoring criteria (Berry et al., 2015) .
Heart rate related parameters during sleep was recorded via an electrocardiogram (ECG)-part of the PSG device. Minimum, average and maximum HR were recorded.
Polysomnographic scoringand offline analyses were performed blinded in respect to the scenario of the study.
Heart rate related parameters during sleep was recorded via an electrocardiogram (ECG)-part of the PSG device. Minimum, average and maximum HR were recorded.
Polysomnographic scoringand offline analyses were performed blinded in respect to the scenario of the study.
6
Polysomnographic Analysis of Sleep Parameters
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Patients underwent PSG in order to evaluate their nocturnal sleep (SOMNOscreen, SOMNOmedics GmbH, Randersacker, Germany), as already reported [17] . The following standard parameters were analyzed: total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), stage 1 of non-REM sleep (N1), stage 2 of non-REM sleep (N2), stage 3 of non-REM sleep (N3), REM sleep (REM), and REM sleep latency (LREM). Sleep stages percentages were calculated during the TST [24] . AHI was defined as mentioned above and used for OSA diagnosis [24] . Blinded researchers (CL, FP, FI) scored PSG recordings on the basis of the international standard criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine [24] .
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