Viscosity measurements (Pa·s) were performed by using a Vibro Viscometer (SV‐10, A&D Company, Tokyo, Japan) vibrating at 30 Hz, with constant amplitude and working at room temperature. Aliquots of 10 ml of each nanoemulsion were used for determinations. During shear rate from 0 to 100 s−1, apparent viscosity (Pa·s) was recorded (Lu, Xiao, & Huang, 2018 ).
Vibro viscometer
Manufactured by A&D Company
Sourced in Japan
The Vibro Viscometer is a laboratory instrument used to measure the viscosity of liquids. It operates by oscillating a rod immersed in the sample liquid, and measuring the resistance to the rod's motion, which is proportional to the liquid's viscosity.
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2 protocols using vibro viscometer
1
Viscosity Measurement of Nanoemulsions
2
Comprehensive Analysis of Draw Solutions
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The pH of the draw solution was determined using a pH meter (Horiba pH meter D-54, Japan). The Na + ion concentration was analyzed using ion chromatography (DionexICS-90). The osmolality of draw solutions was measured using an osmometer (Model 3320, Advanced Instruments, Inc., USA). The measured osmolality of the solutions was then converted to osmotic pressure by using the Morse equation as follows:
where ( n C) represents total osmolality, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
The viscosity and conductivity were determined using the Vibro Viscometer (AD Company, Japan) and a conductivity meter (Sension156, Hach, China), respectively. The size of particles in the draw solution was measured using the SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer (Horiba, Japan). The concentrations of each solute in the feed solution and permeation were detected using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer (ASI-5000A, Shimadzu, Japan).
where ( n C) represents total osmolality, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
The viscosity and conductivity were determined using the Vibro Viscometer (AD Company, Japan) and a conductivity meter (Sension156, Hach, China), respectively. The size of particles in the draw solution was measured using the SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer (Horiba, Japan). The concentrations of each solute in the feed solution and permeation were detected using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer (ASI-5000A, Shimadzu, Japan).
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