Upon arrival to the laboratory and prior to performing any exercise, body mass and fat percentage were quantified on an electronic bio-impedance scale (InBody 270, InBody, Denmark). Cycling efficiency, VO2max, and incremental peak power output (iPPO) were assessed through completion of an incremental cycling test to volitional exhaustion. Following warm-up stages consisting of 5 min at 100 W and 5 min at 175 W (80 RPM), respectively, the work load was increased by 25 W/min, terminating when the subject was incapable of maintaining a pre-defined and self-selected cadence despite strong verbal encouragement. Breath by breath recordings of VO2 and VCO2 were obtained throughout the test [Jaeger Oxycon Pro, Viasys Healthcare, Germany (calibrated for room humidity, flow, and O2/CO2 concentration prior to each test)] and subsequently interpolated to 5 s mean values. Values ≥4 standard deviations from the local mean were discarded. A plateau in VO2 despite increased work load and/or attainment of a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥1.15 served as test validation criteria. VO2max was defined as the highest observed value over a 30-s period and iPPO as the last completed work stage (W) plus the fraction (s) of the last non-completed stage [iPPO = (Last completed work stage (W)) + (25 W/60 × t(s)].
Jaeger oxycon pro
Manufactured by Cardinal Health
Sourced in Germany
The Jaeger Oxycon Pro is a lab equipment product that measures respiratory gas exchange. It is designed to analyze oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations during physical activity or at rest.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ergoline 800, by Cardinal Health (2 mentions)
3 l syringe, by Hans Rudolph (1 mentions)
Rs800cx, by Polar Electro (1 mentions)
Xper information management, by Philips (1 mentions)
Swan ganz catheter, by Edwards Lifesciences (1 mentions)
Human gdf 15 duoset elisa kit, by R&D Systems (1 mentions)
Polar h10, by Polar Electro (1 mentions)
11 protocols using jaeger oxycon pro
1
Incremental Cycling Test for VO2max
2
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment Protocol
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The test was performed in a fed and rested state. Participants performed four 5-min steady state work-loads (105, 140, 175, and 70W) at a pre-determined cadence of 70 RPM, followed by a 17.5 W incremental increase of load (beginning at 200 W), followed by incremental increase of load every minute until exhaustion (e.g., failure to maintain the cadence). Rating of perceived exertion [RPE; Borg category scale 6–20 (30 (link))] was recorded, and a fingertip blood sample (glucose and lactate) was collected at the end of each 5 min workload and following exhaustion. Heart rate (Polar M400 Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) was continuously recorded, and pulmonary gas exchange ( and ) was measured using a metabolic cart (Jaeger Oxycon Pro, Viasys Healthcare, Germany).
3
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol
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Prior to testing, calibration of gas-analyzers was done using the ambient air and a known concentration of gas mixture. The inspiratory-flow-meter calibration was done automatically. CPET was performed on a treadmill to determine subjects’ VO2max at baseline (PRE) and post training intervention using mixing-chamber-gas-analyzer-ergorespirometry (Jaeger Oxycon Pro, Viasys Healthcare, Germany). Test was initiated using inclination and speed derived from warm up and individual ramp protocols were used to reach VO2max. Subjects wore a mouth-piece connected to the Jaeger Oxygen Pro and a nose-clip during the test. Speed and treadmill inclination were increased every 1-2 minutes until subjects reached VO2max. Levelling-off of oxygen uptake despite an increase in workload and respiratory-exchange-ratio (RER) >1.10 were used as a criteria for reaching VO2max. Highest heart rate was recorded during the VO2max test using Polar Accurex RS300X SD monitor (Polar Electro, Finland). HRmax was then calculated by adding 5 beats to this highest recorded heart rate during the VO2max test, as previously suggested [19 ]. HRmax was used to calculate the required training HR. Maximal oxygen pulse was calculated as an estimate of stroke volume during maximal exercise using pre and post VO2max (L·min-1) values and HRmax (Beats· min-1) values respectively (VO2max·HRmax-1).
4
Maximal Cycle Ergometer Exercise Test
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The subjects performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer (Ergoline 800s; VIASYS Healthcare, Germany). The test started at 50 W and the load was increased by 30 W at every 2 min until exhaustion. Ventilation and gas exchange was measured (Jaeger Oxycon Pro; VIASYS Healthcare) and reported as the mean value per minute. The peak respiratory exchange ratio was ≥ 1.15 and peak blood lactate concentration immediately and after 1 min was ≥ 8.0 mmol·l−1 for all subjects. Also, peak heart rate was within 10 beats of the reference value (220–age) for all except one subject. The highest 1-min mean value of oxygen consumption was defined as VO2peak.
5
Continuous Breath-by-Breath Gas Exchange Analysis
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Breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation were measured continuously during all treadmill tests. Participants wore a facemask and breathed through a turbine assembly (Triple V, Jaeger; Viasys Healthcare GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany). The inspired and expired gas volume and concentration signals were continuously sampled, the latter using paramagnetic (O2) and infrared (CO2) analyzers (Jaeger Oxycon Pro; Viasys Healthcare GmbH) via a capillary line connected to the face mask. The analyzers were calibrated before each test using a known gas mixture (15.12% O2 and 5.07% CO2) and ambient air. The turbine volume transducer was calibrated using a 3-L syringe (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, KS). The volume and concentration signals were time aligned, accounting for the transit delay in capillary gas and analyzer rise time relative to the volume signal. Breath-by-breath data were converted to second-by-second data using linear interpolation and V˙O2, V˙CO2, V˙E, and RER were assessed for each 30-s time period.
6
Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
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Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed with an electrically braked bicycle ergometer in purpose of describing the study population. Data for gas analysis were collected using Jaeger Oxycon-Pro (Viasys Healthcare, Hoechberg, Germany). The tests were terminated on indications of maximal effort: oxygen consumption leveling off and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) > 1.0. The VO2max value was estimated by taking the mean of the two largest values and was set in relation to body weight (bw).
7
Incremental Bicycle Ergometer Test for VO2peak
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As previously described (24 (link)), the V̇o 2peak was determined by performing an incremental bicycle ergometer test (Ergoline 800s, VIASYS Healthcare, USA) with direct respiratory measurements using a ventilation and gas exchange (Jaeger Oxycon Pro, VIASYS Healthcare, Germany) at the Paavo Nurmi Centre (Turku, Finland). Initial exercise intensity was 50 W, and after every 2 min the exercise intensity was increased by 30 W until volitional exhaustion. V̇o 2peak was expressed as the highest 1-min mean oxygen consumption. The workload at the last 2 min of the test was averaged and used as a measure for maximal performance. The peak respiratory exchange ratio was ≥1.15 and peak blood lactate concentration, measured from capillary samples obtained immediately and 1 min after exhaustion (YSI 2300 Stat Plus, YSI Life Sciences, USA), was ≥8.0 mmol/l for all the tests. A peak heart rate (RS800CX, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) within 10 beats of the age-appropriate reference value (220 – age) was true in all except one participant in both groups and in both pre- and posttraining tests. Therefore, the highest value of oxygen consumption was expressed as V̇o 2peak and not maximal O2 uptake (V̇o 2max).
8
Comprehensive Hemodynamic Assessment via RHC
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During RHC, all patients were in stable haemodynamic condition. RHC was performed through the jugular vein access using a 6F balloon‐tipped fluid‐filled Swan–Ganz catheter (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA). Pressure measurements (in the right atrium, pulmonary artery, PAWP, and right ventricle) were performed under fluoroscopy after calibration with the zero‐level set at the mid‐thoracic line, at end‐expirium during spontaneous breathing, and stored in dedicated software (Xper Information Management, Philips Medical Systems, The Netherlands). Cardiac output (CO) was assessed using the Fick principle. The oxygen consumption was measured breath by breath (Jaeger Oxycon Pro, VIASYS™ Healthcare, Palm Springs, CA, USA) in mL/min. Arterio‐venous oxygen difference was calculated from oxygen concentration in arterial and mixed venous blood from the pulmonary artery. In 10 cases, thermodilution was employed.
9
Measuring Resting Metabolic Rate and GDF15 Levels
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The RMR of 154 participants was measured using a ventilated hood45 (link) (JAEGER Oxycon Pro, Viasys Healthcare). The measurement was performed after an overnight fast between 08:00 and 10:00. The hood was placed over the head of recumbent subjects. The measurement lasted for 40 min, during when the participants were required to keep still yet remain awake. The mean values of every 10 min were then calculated and the minimum values were used as the RMR of the participants. RMR was adjusted for body composition on the basis of TANITA data using our published equation Natural logarithm (Ln)BEE (basal expenditure) = −0.954 + 0.707 LnFFM (fat-free mass) + 0.019 LnFM (fat mass) (ref. 46 (link)). GDF15 levels in human plasma were tested by using human GDF-15 DuoSet ELISA kit (R&D Systems, DY957)52 (link). GDF15 levels were corrected for weight and age by multiple linear regression using R.
10
Incremental Cardio-respiratory Treadmill Test
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Participants performed a maximal incremental cardio-respiratory treadmill test until complete fatigue. The speed of the treadmill (Life Fitness model 90 T, Schiller Park, IL) was increased in the following manner: starting speed was 5 km/h with 0% inclination, which was increased linearly every second minute, to 10, 12, 14, and 16 km/h. Then inclination was increased by 3% every minute until exhaustion. A heart rate monitor (Polar H10, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) set at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz and a breath-by-breath metabolic cart (Jaeger Oxycon Pro, Viasys Healthcare GmbH, Höchberg, Germany) were used for measuring HR, VE, breathing frequency (BF), oxygen consumption (VO2), and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). V̇O2 max was defined as a lack of increase in oxygen consumption with increasing workload. The analysis of the straight-line relations of VCO2 vs VO2 (V-slope method) was used to detect the gas exchange threshold (GET) during the treadmill test [34 (link)]. The HR at GET (GETHR) was also recorded to detect the changes in HR corresponding to the lactate threshold.
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