Sulfuric acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, France, India, United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, Australia, Poland, Mexico, Singapore, Malaysia, Chile, Belgium, Ireland, Sweden, Hungary, Brazil, China

Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, and dense liquid chemical compound. It is widely used in various industrial processes and laboratory settings due to its strong oxidizing properties and ability to act as a dehydrating agent.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (322 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (305 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (190 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (175 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (174 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (122 mentions) Potassium permanganate, by Merck Group (121 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (88 mentions) Nitric acid, by Merck Group (85 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (84 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (81 mentions) Chloroform, by Merck Group (77 mentions) Phosphoric acid, by Merck Group (76 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (74 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (70 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (65 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (64 mentions) Sodium nitrate, by Merck Group (60 mentions) Potassium hydroxide, by Merck Group (54 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (52 mentions)

1 309 protocols using sulfuric acid

Cellulose Nanocrystals Extraction from Eucalyptus Pulp

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The
92-Alpha eucalyptus sulphite pulp was used for the extraction of the
CNCs. Sulfuric acid (95–98%) for hydrolysis was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. All water used was purified (Millipore Milli-Q purification
system).
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by hydrolysis
of the commercial milled hardwood pulp (<0.5 mm). The pulp powder
was hydrolyzed in Sulfuric acid (10 mL of Sulfuric acid solution/g
pulp) at a concentration of 64 wt % at room temperature with vigorous
stirring for 1 h. The cellulose suspension was then diluted by a factor
of 10 with cold Millipore water to stop the hydrolysis reaction and
allowed to settle overnight. The clear top layer was removed and the
remaining white suspension was centrifuged. After centrifugation,
the supernatant was removed and the resulting thick white suspension
was diluted and reconcentrated 3 times with millipore water to remove
all soluble cellulose materials. The white suspension obtained after
the last centrifugation step was placed inside dialysis membrane tubes
with a 12 000–14 000 molecular weight cutoff
(Spectrumlabs/Spectra-por membranes) and dialyzed against slow running
pure water for 2–4 weeks or until the pH of the nanocrystalline
cellulose suspension reached 6. This final suspension was concentrated
by centrifugation to reach a concentration of 5 wt %.

Dumanli A.G., van der Kooij H.M., Kamita G., Reisner E., Baumberg J.J., Steiner U, & Vignolini S. (2014). Digital Color in Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(15), 12302-12306.

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Photoelectrochemical Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds

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2.1 Chemicals for Analytical and Photoelectrochemical experiments: Levofloxacin (Fluka, purity >98%), ketoprofen (Sigma-Aldrich, purity >98%), sodium sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, purity, 99%), sulfuric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 95%), 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.5 M borate buffer (pH 9, Alfa), Na2SO4 (Fluka, 99%), K2IrCl6 (33.4 % Ir, Alfa Aesar), sodium acetate (Riedel de Hӓen 99 %), 70 % HNO3 (Sigma-Aldrich), V2O5 (Alfa Aesar 99.6 %), VOSO4 × x H2O (Alfa Aesar, 99.9 %), Bi(NO3)3 × 5 H2O (Alfa Aesar 99.99 %), methanol, formic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium citrate, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The water was Milli-Q® grade (Millipore, MA, USA).
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The water was Milli-Q® grade (Millipore, MA, USA).
When necessary, a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid was employed to adjust at 6 the pH of the drug solution (10 ppm Levofloxacin or ketoprofen) containing 0.7mM of sodium sulfate as supporting electrolyte. The saline concentration was chosen to reproduce the average salinity of freshwater. 28 The pH of the drug solutions was measured with a combined glass electrode connected to an AMEL pH-meter (Milano, Italy).

Cristino V., Pasti L., Marchetti N., Berardi S., Bignozzi C.A., Molinari A., Passabi F., Caramori S., Amidani L., Orlandi M., Bazzanella N., Piccioni A., Kopula Kesavan J., Boscherini F, & Pasquini L. (2019). Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants at WO₃/BiVO₄ photoanodes in aqueous solution. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 18(9).

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Pinewood Cellulose Extraction and Hydrothermal Carbonization

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Wood cellulose was extracted from pinewood using an alkaline aqueous solution (KOH). A 3% potassium hydroxide solution was obtained by mixing potassium hydroxide powder (Sigma-Aldrich) and deionized (DI) water at the appropriate mass ratio. A 2% dilute sulfuric acid solution was obtained by adding 98% sulfuric acid (Sigma-Aldrich) to DI water at the appropriate volumetric ratio. Commercial activated carbon derived from biomass was used in the study as a comparison at 200 ppmv of acetone and toluene (Sigma-Aldrich). The initial mixing was conducted at room temperature. Afterward, the mixture was placed on a hot plate stirrer and held at approximately 80°C and then transferred to a constant-temperature drying oven (held at 60°C) to prevent the formation of mildew caused by the water content in the purified microcrystalline cellulose, before the hydrothermal carbonization step.

Mao H., Tang J., Chen J., Wan J., Hou K., Peng Y., Halat D.M., Xiao L., Zhang R., Lv X., Yang A., Cui Y, & Reimer J.A. (2020). Designing hierarchical nanoporous membranes for highly efficient gas adsorption and storage. Science Advances, 6(41), eabb0694.

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Quantifying Carbohydrates in Liquid IC Beverages

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Carbohydrate content in liquid IC beverages (4 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) was determined as described by Masuko et al. (2005), using the phenol-sulfuric method [25 (link)]. The experiment was initiated with the preparation of the reagents, phenol at 5% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and sulfuric acid at 98% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) calibration curves was prepared (0.1–0.5 mg/mL), and in 2 mL glass vials, 100 μL of sample or standard, 300 μL of sulfuric acid and 90 μL of phenol or H₂0 for the sample blanks were added. Vials were incubated at 90 °C for 5 min, followed by a water bath at room temperature for 5 min. Then, 100 μL of each sample was transferred to a 96-well plate and absorbance was measured at 490 nm in a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA).

Iriondo-DeHond A., Elizondo A.S., Iriondo-DeHond M., Ríos M.B., Mufari R., Mendiola J.A., Ibañez E, & del Castillo M.D. (2020). Assessment of Healthy and Harmful Maillard Reaction Products in a Novel Coffee Cascara Beverage: Melanoidins and Acrylamide. Foods, 9(5), 620.

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Versatile Synthesis of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Aerogel Composites

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Graphite flakes (average particle size of 7–10 μm, 99% purity, Alfa Aesar), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃, 99.0%–100.5%, Merck), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98%–100.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30%, Merck), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 95%–97%, Sigma-Aldrich) were used in the preparation of GOs. L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA, 99%, Sigma Aldrich) was used for the reduction of GOs nanosheets in synthesis GAs. P-Phenylenediamine (p-PDA, 98%, Sigma Aldrich) was used as a monomer for in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) in the GA networks, and ammonium persulfate (APS, 98%, Sigma Aldrich) was used as an initiator of oxidative p-PDA polymerization. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%–38%, Sigma Aldrich), nitric acid (HNO₃, 65%, Sigma Aldrich), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%, Merck), and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, 85%, Sigma Aldrich) were used in the doping of in situ synthesized p(p-PDA) within GAs.

Demirci S., Can M, & Sahiner N. (2020). Graphene Aerogels for In Situ Synthesis of Conductive Poly(para-phenylenediamine) Polymers, and Their Sensor Application. Micromachines, 11(7), 626.

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Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

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The following chemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA: ascorbic acid, 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, vanillin, (+)-catechin, sulfuric acid, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]), ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), iron(II) chloride (FeCl₂), ethanolic neocuproine, Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 2,2′-bipyridyl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propidium iodide (PI). Potassium persulfate (Junsei, Japan), HPLC grade m ethanol, and ethanol (J.T Baker, U.S.A) were the other chemicals used.
RPMI 1640 medium was purchased from Thermo SCIENTIFIC, DMEM from Gendepot, and the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) from Dojindo Laboratories.

Kang K.Y., Hwang Y.H., Lee S.J., Jang H.Y., Hong S.G., Mun S.K., Kim S.J., Kim J.J., Park K.W., Seo K.S., Ban S.E., Jin S.W., Kim H.J, & Yee S.T. (2019). Verification of the Functional Antioxidant Activity and Antimelanogenic Properties of Extracts of Poria cocos Mycelium Fermented with Freeze-Dried Plum Powder. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2019, 9283207.

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HPLC Analysis of Organic Acids

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The production of acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, and lactic acid was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (model Acquity Arc, Waters, Eschborn, Germany) equipped with an AMINEX HPX‐87H column (Aminex HPX‐87H, 300 × 7.8 mm, Bio‐Rad Laboratories, Richmond, VA, USA) and the column was maintained at 35 °C using an integral column heater (Waters). The target compounds were detected by using a refractive index detector (model R2414, Waters) and the eluent for analysis was 8.3 mm sulfuric acid (Sigma‐Aldrich) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min⁻¹. Standards were prepared at a concentration of 11.47 mm for lactic acid (Sigma‐Aldrich), 16.55 mm for acetic acid (Merck), 13.96 mm for propionic acid (Sigma‐Aldrich), 4.24 mm for isobutyric acid (Fluka, Cheniou, Gmblt, Germany), 11.53 mm for butyrate acid (Sigma‐Aldrich), 10.51 mm for isovaleric acid (Fluka), and 10.44 mm for valeric acid (Acros Organic, Geel, Belgium) in 1 L of 8.3 mm sulfuric acid (Sigma‐Aldrich). The standard samples were injected repeatedly every five measurements. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the peak area against the molarity of standard solutions. Tested samples for HPLC were prepared by diluting the collected supernatant with 16.6 mm sulfuric acid at a ratio of 1:1 v/v.

Dong L., Ariëns R.M., Tomassen M.M., Wichers H.J, & Govers C. (2020). In Vitro Studies Toward the Use of Chitin as Nutraceutical: Impact on the Intestinal Epithelium, Macrophages, and Microbiota. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 64(23), 2000324.

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Quantitative Colorimetric Glucose Assay

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Samples were diluted (50×), and 200 μL aliquots stored until further use. 200 μL of phenol solution (5 %) (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were added to the sample, followed by 1 ml of sulfuric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The homogenization was performed in shaker (Cyclo mixer—Clay Adams) and after 15 min, the absorbance was read at 480 nm using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer (Shimaduzu, UV-160A). As a negative control we used 200 μL of reaction solution, Milli-Q water, 200 μL of phenol reagent and 1 ml of sulfuric acid (all reagents from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). A calibration curve with standard solutions of glucose was constructed for comparison and calculation of the percentage in the total sample weight.

Val C.H., Brant F., Miranda A.S., Rodrigues F.G., Oliveira B.C., Santos E.A., Assis D.R., Esper L., Silva B.C., Rachid M.A., Tanowitz H.B., Teixeira A.L., Teixeira M.M., Régis W.C, & Machado F.S. (2015). Effect of mushroom Agaricus blazei on immune response and development of experimental cerebral malaria. Malaria Journal, 14, 311.

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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Hydrotrope

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The hydrotrope used for the pretreatment was sodium cumene sulfonate (NaCS, C₉H₁₁NaO₃S) in the form of 40% w/v of Stepanate SCS 40 by Stepan Company (Northfield, Illinois, United States). Other reagents used for pretreatment, i.e. sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and ethanol were marked by their analytical grade purity and were manufactured by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Chromatographic analyses were conducted using a solution of sulfuric acid, methanol and acetic acid marked by HPLC grade purity and manufactured by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards of sugars (glucose, galactose and xylose), ethanol, glycerol and pretreatment by-products (5-HMF, furfural, 1,2-dihydrobenzene, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, sinapyl alcohol, guaiacol, syringaldehyde, furoic acid) used for chromatographic analyses were marked by their HPLC grade purity and originated from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Mikulski D, & Kłosowski G. (2023). High-pressure microwave-assisted pretreatment of softwood, hardwood and non-wood biomass using different solvents in the production of cellulosic ethanol. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 16, 19.

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Enriched Water DBPs Extraction

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The quenched chlorinated 500 mL samples were first acidified to pH 1.5 using sulfuric acid (98%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) using TELOS ENV 1g/6ml cartridges (Kinesis, QLD, Australia). It should be noted that samples used here (TOC = 19 mg/L) were already enriched 4 times compared to TOC of actual water samples (4.8 mg/L). The cartridges were conditioned with 20 mL each of MtBE, methanol (≥99.8%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and MilliQ water adjusted to pH 1.5 with sulfuric acid, respectively. After sample loading, cartridges were dried with >99.998% nitrogen gas. The retained compounds were eluted with 20 mL methanol followed by 20 mL MtBE. The eluates were blown down to 200 µL, which generates a 2,500 concentration factor for those DBPs completely recovered through the process. This extraction procedure enriched only non-volatile DBPs while the more volatile compounds were likely lost during the blow-down step (Neale et al. 2012) . With the initial ~4-fold enrichment of TOC, the effects of treatment on the original settled water were highly magnified to the point of making any differences in biological effect more discernible. Extracts were stored at -80 °C and analyzed within 4 weeks.

De Vera G.A., Stalter D., Gernjak W., Weinberg H.S., Keller J, & Farré M.J. (2015). Towards reducing DBP formation potential of drinking water by favouring direct ozone over hydroxyl radical reactions during ozonation. Water research, 87.

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