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100 protocols using h2so4

1

Photoelectrochemical Characterization of AQDS-HBr System

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PEC measurements were carried out in a three-electrode system consisting of a photoelectrode as the working electrode, a SCE as the reference electrode and a graphite plate (or platinum plate) as the counter electrode. 1 M H2SO4 aqueous solutions were used as supporting or blank electrolytes. An aqueous solution containing 0.05 M AQDS (TCI, 95%) and 1.0 M H2SO4 (Sinopharm Chemical, 98%) was used as the catholyte, and an aqueous solution containing 0.2 M HBr (Sinopharm Chemical, 40%) and 1.0 M H2SO4 was used as the anolyte. Both electrolytes were deaerated with flowing argon gas during the experiment. Linear sweep voltammetry was performed using a potentiostat (Iviumstat, Ivium Technologies) at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 under illumination. The simulated AM 1.5-G solar light irradiation (100 mW cm−2, Newport Sol 3A, Class AAA Solar simulator) was used as the light source. Chronoamperometry measurements were carried out at various biases under light irradiation.
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2

Tetracycline Antibiotics Removal from Water

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GAC was purchased from Hefei Huamo Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd. Other reagents, including 98% H2SO4, NaOH, H2O2, and FeSO4, were purchased from Sinopharm chemical reagent Co. Ltd. Six kinds of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, aureomycin, doxycycline, methacycline, and minocycline) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Reagent Company, China. The physicochemical properties of target tetracycline antibiotics are presented in the Supporting Information (Table S1).
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3

Synthesis of Alkali Lignin-based Derivatives

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The alkali lignin (AL) in the present study was obtained from the Shanghai Trading, Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). and the ClCH2COOH, 98%H2SO4, and HCHO were derived from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). CS2, NaOH, sodium alginate, and NaCl were purchased from the Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). The dopamine hydrochloride was collected from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All reagents were analytically pure.
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4

Xylose Production from Corncob Residue

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Corncob residue (CCR) used in this work was gifted by Futaste Co., Ltd. (China), which use corncob as raw material for the manufacture of xylose and xylitol. The main steps for the production of xylose included dilute acid hydrolysis of corncob (to release xylose), hydrolyzate purification, concentration, and crystallization.29 (link) The received CCR was placed in sealed bags and stored in refrigerator at 4 °C for use. All chemicals (e.g., KOH, H2SO4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. and used directly without further purification. In addition, the cellulase enzyme was obtained by Qingdao Vland Biotech Inc. The activity of cellulase was 86 FPU mL−1, which was tested by the standard procedure,30 and the protein content of cellulase was 80 mg-protein per mL, as determined by the standard Bradford method.
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5

Magnesium Hydroxide from Phosphate Tailings

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H2SO4, H2O2, NH3·H2O, ethanol, methanol, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 2-methylimidazole, NaH2PO4·2H2O, NaOH and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) pellets (1180A) were purchased from BASF Company (Germany). The phosphate tailings were obtained from Yichang Tiaoshuihe Phosphate Mine. XRF was carried out to analyze its chemical components. Table 1 shows that phosphorus tailings are mainly composed of CaO (62.05%) and MgO (22.92%). The high content of magnesium oxide indicates that the phosphorus tailings are suitable for preparation of magnesium hydroxide as magnesium sources.
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6

Sewage Sludge Characterization and Oxidative Treatment

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The FeSO4·7H2O, H2O2 solution, NaOH, H2SO4, HCl and EBT were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was used to prepare all solutions.
The sewage sludge was collected from a secondary clarifier from Shanghai Songshen Water Environment Purification Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The properties of the sewage sludge are shown in Table 1. The element composition was analyzed by an elemental analyzer (MACRO, Elementra, Germany).
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7

Activated Carbon Fiber Functionalization

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Activated carbon fibers were obtained from Jiangsu Sutong Carbon Fiber Co., Ltd (Suzhou, China). Thiourea (AR, 99%), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, AR, 99%), N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS, AR, 99%), and NaHSO4 (AR, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin Regent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). Pb (NO3)2 (AR, 99%) was produced from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). Na2S (AR, 98%) was procured from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ethyl alcohol (AR, 99.9%) was bought from Jiangsu Qiangsheng Functional Chemistry Co., Ltd (Suzhou, China). Dichloromethane (AR, 99.5%) was produced from Hangzhou Shuanglin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). HNO3 (AR 65%) and H2SO4 (AR 98%) were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). l-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (AR 99%), KH2PO4 (AR 99.5%), and Na2HPO4 (AR 99%) were all bought from Aladdin Regent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
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8

Graphite-Based Phthalate Analysis Protocol

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Graphite powder, KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4, HCl, DMF, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-ethyl-N-(3-(dimethylamino) propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The ionic liquids 1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [APMIM][Br], 1-aminoethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [AEMIM][Br], 1-aminopropyl-3-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imine [APMIM][NTf(2)] and 1-aminoethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [AEMIM][NTf(2)] were purchased from the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (Lanzhou, China). The standard PAE samples dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPrP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di(n-pentyl) phthalate (DNPP), di(n-octyl) phthalate (DNOP) and benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) were purchased from ANPEL Laboratory Technologies Incorporation (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic grade acetonitrile, methanol and isopropanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All the aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ/cm).
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9

Phosphate Buffer Solution Synthesis

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Phosphate buffer solution (10× PBS, containing 137 mM NaCl, 102.7 mM KCl, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, and 1.8 mM KH2PO4), H2SO4, KOH, NaCl, KCl, ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), uric acid (UA, C5H4N4O3), and glucose (C6H12O6) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dopamine (DA, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrocatecho hydrochloride, C8H12ClNO2) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HAuCl4·3H2O was purchased from SigmaAldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All chemical reagents were analytical grade without further purification. Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) were purchased from Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Goat serum was purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Milli-Q deionized water (DI water, ≈18.2 MΩ cm) was extensively utilized in our experiments.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of PAC

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The reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, such as FeCl3, CaO, H2SO4, H2O2 and FeSO4. PAC was produced by a local factory (Beijing global water science and technology Co. Ltd, China).
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