Portable stadiometer

Assessment of body mass, stature and sitting height was completed with participants barefoot and in light clothing. Body mass was recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg (Tanita electronic scale; Tanita Corp, Arlington Heights, IL, USA) and both stature and sitting height were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm (Seca Portable Stadiometer; Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Right calf circumferences were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm, using an anthropometric tape, following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol (Norton & Olds, 1996 ). Body composition (fat mass and fat‐free mass) was assessed from a whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (Horizon DXA System, Hologic Canada ULC, Mississauga, Canada).

Patient characteristics, i.e., gender, date of birth (age), underlying disease, the main affected organ, comorbidity, the number of different prescriptions per day, and history of ICU stay and surgery were recorded. The length of hospital stay was calculated for discharged patients from the date of admission and date of the survey. Body weight was measured by standard Seca scale (Seca 620, Germany) in light clothes to the nearest 1 kg. Body height was assessed by Seca portable stadiometer (Seca 213, Germany) to the nearest 1 cm. Mid-arm circumference (MAC) was measured in mid-acromion and olecranon process interval at the non-dominant relaxed arm with a non-stretchable tape measure to the nearest 0.1 cm.

Body height and weight were objectively measured using Seca portable stadiometer and digital scale with a precision of 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg. Body height was measured in bare or stocking feet standing upright against a stadiometer and body weight with wearing light clothes with no shoes. Body mass index was calculated (weight [kg]/height [m]²). Waist circumference was measured using anthropometric tape placed horizontally midway between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest at the end of normal expiration, while the participant was standing still [25 (link)]. Waist-to-height ratio was calculated by dividing waist circumference with body height (in cm). To assess fat mass and fat-free mass, we used bioelectrical impedance analysis (Omron BF500 Body Composition Monitor, Omron Medizintechnik, Vernon Hills, IL, USA). The device uses eight electrodes and pre-programmed equations to determine fat mass. The participant was required to stand on metal footpads barefoot and grasp a pair of electrodes fixed on a handle with arms extended in front of the chest [26 (link)]. Sex and age were self-reported.