Chokeberry fruits were bought at the local market. Alginic acid sodium salt (very low viscosity) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany), while low-methoxyl pectin (Genu pectin type LM-5-CS) was from CP Kelco (Lille Skensved, Denmark). Calcium chloride, ethanol, sodium acetate, potassium chloride and ammonium acetate were from Gram-mol (Zagreb, Croatia). Sodium carbonate was purchased from T.T.T. (Sveta Nedelja, Croatia). Potassium persulfate and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were procured from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Cupric chloride, neocuproine and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were bought from Acros Organic (Geel, Belgium). methanol (HPLC grade) was from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands) and orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade, >85%) was from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Hydrochloric acid (37%) and methanol were bought from Carlo Erba Reagents (Sabadell, Spain) and acetic acid (>99.5%) was from Alkaloid (Skopje, North Macedonia). Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 4-dimethyl-amino-cinnamaldehyd and most of the standards used for HPLC analysis (chlorogenic acid, quercetin and rutin) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while the standards of cyanidin-3-galactoside, neochlorogenic acid and hyperoside were products of Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazil
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Australia
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil is a stable free radical compound commonly used as a reagent in analytical chemistry and biochemistry. It is a dark-colored crystalline solid with a characteristic deep purple color. This compound is primarily used as a scavenging agent for reactive oxygen species and as a stable free radical in various analytical and research applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Quercetin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Kemika (4 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Kemika (3 mentions)
Cupric chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Neocuproine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid diammonium salt, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Carlo Erba (3 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid trolox, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Orthophosphoric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
2 4 6 tri 2 pyridyl s triazine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
4 dimethyl amino cinnamaldehyd, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
12 protocols using 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazil
1
Chokeberry Fruit Phytochemical Analysis
2
Analysis of Dairy Protein Bioactive Compounds
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Dairy proteins were obtained from Ingredia Functional (Arras, France). Methanol used for analysis was HPLC grade and it was obtained from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Orthophosphoric acid was also HPLC grade (>85%) and it was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). 4-dimethyl-amino-cinnamaldehyd, trolox, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil and standards for HPLC analysis (rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, (−)-epicatechin) were products of Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The standard of cyanidin-3-rutinoside was from Phytolab GmbH (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany) and the standard of neochlorogenic acid was the product of Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and potassium persulfate were products of Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Neocuproine, cupric chloride and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were products of Acros Organic (Geel, Belgium). Sodium carbonate was bought from T.T.T. (Sveta Nedelja, Croatia) and hydrochloric acid (37%) from Carlo Erba Reagents (Sabadell, Spain).
3
Annatto Seed Extraction and Characterization
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Sodium carbonate (lot a0594092339), anhydrous sodium acetate (lot 882032), absolute ethanol (lot k4958171742), potassium persulphate (lot k40707991048), methanol (lot l823009611), acetic acid glacial (lot k47109963539), acetone (lot k43912814243), sodium hydroxide (lot b0895598319), concentrated hydrochloric acid (lot k41017317016), Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent (lot hc43368401), Mueller–Hinton broth (lot b1223098542), tetrahydrofuran (lot dg643), and 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (lot l58155738107) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (lot 190260) was obtained from PanReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (067k lot 1154), and diammonium salt (lot slbp9592v) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (97% lot stbb6668) was obtained from Aldrich Chem (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ferric chloride. 6H2O (lot 9n005099n) was obtained from Carlo Erba (Barcelona, Spain). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (lot p31b064) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Annatto seeds were purchased from a farmers market of Medellín city (Colombia), which were sun-dried until reaching a moisture content of 10.58 ± 0.98%.
4
Antioxidant Evaluation of Mexican Crops
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CS produced by roasting coffee beans (C. Arabica 100%) was obtained from two states of Mexico (Chiapas and Jalisco). Popped amaranth was purchased from Nutriactivate Company (Puebla, Puebla, Mexico), and white corn was obtained from the food market of Guadalajara city (Jalisco, Mexico). CS, popped amaranth and white corn were milled prior to the extraction and extrusion process (Average Particle Size = 0.28 ± 0.01 mm).
5-caffeoylquinic acid powder reference standard (USP 12601), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (MeOH) was obtained at HPLC grade (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphoric acid was obtained at reagent grade (Karal, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico).
The standard of 5CQA was diluted in MeOH to obtain a stock solution at 1000 µg/mL, from which the calibration curve was prepared. All the solutions remained refrigerated at 4 °C in amber vials.
5-caffeoylquinic acid powder reference standard (USP 12601), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (MeOH) was obtained at HPLC grade (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphoric acid was obtained at reagent grade (Karal, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico).
The standard of 5CQA was diluted in MeOH to obtain a stock solution at 1000 µg/mL, from which the calibration curve was prepared. All the solutions remained refrigerated at 4 °C in amber vials.
5
Analytical Methods for Food Characterization
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Analytical-grade reagents such as aluminum chloride, sodium nitrite, metaphosphoric acid, Carrez solutions, KH2PO4 (ABChem, Olsztyn, Poland), 2,2’-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), gallic acid, apigenin, fluorescein, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Trolox, ethanol, hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF), ascorbic acid, fructose, glucose and saccharin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide (POCH, Gliwice, Poland) were used. Other applied reagents, i.e., methanol, acetonitrile was of the highest purity (chromatography-grade) available and purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Deionized water was obtained from HLP 5 deionizer (Hydrolab, Gdańsk, Poland).
6
Analytical Characterization of Natural Compounds
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CMC was purchased from CP Kelco (Äänekoski, Finland). Sucrose was a product of Gram-mol (Zagreb, Croatia). Trehalose was obtained from Hayashibara doo (Nagase group, Tokyo, Japan). Hydrochloric acid was from Carlo Erba Reagents (Sabadell, Spain). Sodium carbonate was from T.T.T. (Sveta Nedelja, Croatia). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and potassium persulfate were from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and most of the standards used (rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-D-glucoside, chlorogenic acid) were products of Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while the standards of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, neochlorogenic acid, and quercetin-3-D-galactoside were products of Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Cupric chloride, neocuproine, and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Acros Organic (Geel, Belgium). Methanol (HPLC grade) was from J.T. Baker (Deventer, Netherlands) and orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade, >85%) was from Fisher Scientific (Longhborough, UK).
7
Comprehensive Characterization of Bioactive Compounds
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Organic solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), formic acid, potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), copper (II) chloride (CuCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3), sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2), aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3•6H2O), ammonium acetate (C2H7NO2), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphoonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), 2, 4, 6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), neocuproine, gallic acid, hesperetin, and catechin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Pty Ltd. (Castle Hill, Sydney, Australia). Vanillin and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals used in this study were analytical grade.
8
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays
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Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, TPTZ (2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), and quercetin dehydrate were purchased from Merck (Billerica, MA, USA). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), gallic acid monohydrate, resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). RAW 264.7 cell culture media and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). 3-(4,5-dimethylthizaol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was obtained from Bio Basic (Toronto, ON, Canada). Primary antibodies, anti-beta-actin monoclonal antibody, anti-iNOS/NOS II polyclonal antibody, and anti-COX-2 polyclonal antibody, as well as the peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody were purchased from EMD Millipore corporation (Temecula, CA, USA).
9
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation
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Caffeic acid, tannic acid, rosmarinic acid, trans ferulic, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), catechin, quercetin, gentamicin and amikacin were Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) products. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, aluminium chloride, sodium hydroxide, gallic acid, BHA and methanol from Merck Co (Darmstadt, Germany), tryptone soy agar, tryptone soy broth, Mueller Hinton broth, Sabouraud dextrose agar from HiMedia (Mumbai, India) and gold conjugates from Agar scientific (Essex, UK), were used in the experiments. Redistilled water was used throughout the experiments.
10
Characterization of Lemon Essential Oil Antioxidant Properties
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Steam-distilled Lemon essential oil was purchased from Green Andina (Bogota, Columbia). Natural waxes were obtained from L&F (Medellín, Columbia). Absolute ethanol (lot SHBK8928), sodium carbonate (Lot 94F-0313), sodium acetate trihydrate (Lot SLBX1773), 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (lot BCBW9015), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (lot BCBQ6979), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) (lot BCBQ6979), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (lot BCBQ6979), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ferric chloride.6H 2 O (lot 176057) and dimethyl sulfoxide (lot 183521) were purchased from Fisher Chemical (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). In addition, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox ® ) (97%, lot A0405014) and gallic acid (A0267865) were acquired from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). Further, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (lot p31b064) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Methanol (lot l823009611), Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent (lot hc43368401), and tetrahydrofuran (lot dg643), were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2,2 -Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (067k lot 1154), and diammonium salt (lot slbp9592v) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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