3 trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate

2-Ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA),
isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA),
a photoinitiator; diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl)-phosphine oxide/2-hydroxy-2-methyl
propiophenone (blend), beta carotene (synthetic, ≥93% (UV),
powder), tartrazine (dye content ≥85%), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl
methacrylate, tin (II) chloride (SnCl₂), palladium (II)
chloride (PdCl₂), boric acid (H₃BO₃), and ∼37% hydrochloric acid (HCl) were all purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. The surfactant Hypermer B246-SO-M was donated by Croda.
Electroless nickel plating solutions (Part A and Part B) were purchased
from Caswell UK.

Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Sigma Aldrich, 99%), 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (Sigma Aldrich, 98%) and 3-(cloropropil)trietoxisilano (Sigma Aldrich, 95%) were used as precursors (molar ratio 2:1:1). Absolute ethanol was employed as solvent. Distilled water was added to promote the complete hydrolysis of the alkoxides, and nitric acid was added as a catalyst. The molar ratio of precursors: EtOH:H₂O:HNO₃ was 1:8:3:0.01.
Prior to the sol hydrolysis process, an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor was added to the sol. For this purpose, six organic molecules have been selected, i.e., L-cysteine (CIS), curcumin (CUR), dimethyl yellow (DY), chlorophenol red (CR), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) (Figure 8).
The inhibitors were chosen due to their properties as biocompatible molecules, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Specifically, molecules with conjugated bonding and heteroatoms have been shown to be more effective as corrosion inhibitors [43 ].
Coatings were performed by dip-coating on AA2024 aluminium alloy and commercial glass slides at a withdrawal rate of 5 mm·s⁻¹. Final thermal treatment was performed at 80 °C for 24 h to complete the densification of the resulting coatings.

Heat-polymerised acrylic resin (Lucitone-199^TM, Dentsply International, York, PA, USA) that consisted of a liquid monomer and powder polymer was supplemented with three types of filler material: Silanised E-glass fibre (3 mm in length, 15 μm in diameter, Hebei Yuniu Fiberglass, Xingtai, China), TiO₂ nanoparticles (Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size, ≥99.5% trace metals basis, Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK), and ZrO₂ nanoparticles (Zirconium(IV) oxide-3 mol % yttria stabilised, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size, Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK). For the purposes of silanisation, a silane coupling agent (3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, assay 98% Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) and ethanol (Ethanol, absolute (C₂H₆O, EtOH) Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) were utilised.

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA, 97% pure), di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA, 98% pure), 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (Darocur-1173, 97% pure), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Cy3 dye were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrofluoric acid, dodecanol, cyclohexanol and ethanol were obtained from Vecton Ltd. (St. Petersburg, Russia). Recombinant CD81-LEL was purchased from ServiceGen (St. Petersburg, Russia). Polyclonal antibodies to E2 were products of GeneTeX (Hsinchu, Taiwan). All buffer solutions were prepared by dissolving the analytical-grade salts in deionized water and additionally purified by filtration through a 0.45-μm Milex Millipore microfilter (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The glass slides with dimensions of 25 × 75 × 1.2 mm were obtained from BioVitrum (St. Petersburg, Russia).

HA with a 20–28% degree of norbornene
functionalization was synthesized by the Caliari group.^{46 (link)} LAP (Sigma), DTT (Sigma), and GelMA (300 g,
60%, Sigma) were used for the patterning of the hydrogel. For the
temporal quantification of developed gradients, 0.33 mg/mL solutions
of 10 kDa and 400 Da FITC-dextran (Sigma) were used. To study the
migration response of U87 cells, cells were labeled with Fluo-4-AM
(Thermo Fisher) and a CXCL12 (Biolegend) gradient in the presence
or absence of pretreatment with AMD3100 (Sigma). 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl
methacrylate (Sigma) was used for surface modification of the glass
slide.