All drugs—borneol, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproate—were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). scoparone was isolated from Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. (Asteraceae), as reported previously [19 (link)]. All the studied drugs, except for valproate (i.e., borneol, scoparone, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin), were suspended in a 1% aqueous solution of Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland), while valproate was dissolved in distilled water. The ASMs were administered intraperitoneally (ip) as follows: phenytoin—120 min, phenobarbital—60 min and carbamazepine and valproate—30 min, before the experiments, as reported earlier [39 (link),40 (link)]. borneol and scoparone were injected i.p. at increasing time periods of 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. Of note, these pretreatment times for borneol and scoparone when used separately (i.e., 15, 30, 60 and 120 min.) were based on our previously published work in order to make the results for scoparone comparable to those for other coumarins (i.e., osthole, imperatorin and xanthotoxin) tested earlier [10 (link),26 (link)]. For all the combinations with ASMs, both borneol and scoparone were administered i.p. 15 min. before the MES test and brain tissue sampling.
Phenobarbital
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Poland
Phenobarbital is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a barbiturate compound commonly used as a sedative and anticonvulsant medication. The core function of Phenobarbital is to depress the central nervous system and induce a calming effect.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Carbamazepine, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Phenytoin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Rifampicin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Clonazepam, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ethosuximide, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Clobazam, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Sodium valproate, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Valproic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Lamotrigine, by AK Scientific (4 mentions)
Gabapentin, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (4 mentions)
Levetiracetam, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (4 mentions)
Tiagabine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (4 mentions)
Topiramate, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (4 mentions)
Lacosamide, by Axon Medchem (4 mentions)
Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
β naphthoflavone, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Midazolam, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Eslicarbazepine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (3 mentions)
60 protocols using phenobarbital
1
Anticonvulsant Interactions: Borneol and Scoparone
2
Pharmaceutical Compound Acquisition Protocol
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Piroxicam was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Massachusetts,
USA). Aspirin, chloramphenicol, chlorpropamide, indomethacin, ketoprofen, n-vinyl caprolactam, paracetamol, phenobarbital, and trifluoroacetic
acid were purchased from Merck (Massachusetts, USA). Hexane and acetone
were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Massachusetts, USA).
Famotidine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan).
Flurbiprofen, furosemide, mebendazole, and simvastatin were purchased
from Fluorochem (Derbyshire, UK). All chemicals were used without
further purification.
USA). Aspirin, chloramphenicol, chlorpropamide, indomethacin, ketoprofen, n-vinyl caprolactam, paracetamol, phenobarbital, and trifluoroacetic
acid were purchased from Merck (Massachusetts, USA). Hexane and acetone
were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Massachusetts, USA).
Famotidine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan).
Flurbiprofen, furosemide, mebendazole, and simvastatin were purchased
from Fluorochem (Derbyshire, UK). All chemicals were used without
further purification.
3
Isolation and Culture of Rat Basilar Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
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Male Sprague–Dawley rats were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China. All procedures complied with the standards for the care and use of animal subjects as stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (issued by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Beijing) and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan School of Medicine on Laboratory Animal Care (No. 2017-099). Rat BASMCs were cultured as described previously [18 (link)]. Briefly, rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal phenobarbital (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; 40 mg· kg−1) and decapitated. The basilar arteries were isolated aseptically and placed in Krebs buffer. After the fat and connective tissues were removed, the artery strips were cut into 3–5 mm pieces and then plated in DMEM/F-12 containing 20% fetal calf serum (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA) with 100 μg· mL−1 streptomycin and 100 U· mL−1 penicillin. BASMCs were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with a 95% O2 plus 5% CO2 atmosphere. The cells were identified as smooth muscle cells based on spindle morphology under a light microscope, and immunostaining was performed with a monoclonal antibody specific for smooth muscle α-actin. BASMCs from passages 8 to 12 were used when they reached 70%–90% confluence.
4
Biochemical Assays for Liver Function
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5,5’-Dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and n-butanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was obtained from SERVIA (Heidenberg, New York). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), phenobarbital, and hydroxymethyl aminomethane (Tris), were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methimazole was purchased from Medisca Pharmaceutique (Montreal, Canada). The kits for liver biochemistry analysis (ALT & ALP) were obtained from Pars Azmun Company (Tehran, Iran). All salts for preparing buffer solutions were of the highest grade commercially available.
5
Identification of Chaihu-Shugan-San Compounds
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Dried crude herbs (Chaihu-Shugan-San, CSS) were purchased and identified in the pharmacy of Xiangya Hospital (Changsha, China). Voucher specimens (CH-NO-15021714, BS-NO-15021411, CP-NO-15020914, XF-NO-15021118, CX-NO-15022413, ZK-NO-15020706, GC-NO-15022715) were obtained and kept in the Laboratory of the Institute of Integrative Medicine, Central South University. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) was purchased from the Beijing Hengyuan Qitian Chemical Industry (Beijing, China). Rifampicin (RIF), pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and phenobarbital (PB) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The reverse transcription system, dual-luciferase reporter assay system, pGL4.17-Luc, and pGEM-T constructs were supplied by Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
6
Quantification of Analgesics and Sedatives
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Ultrapure water was produced by Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Molsheim, France, resistivity: 18.2 MΩ cm−1). Acetonitrile and methanol of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 99% were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Porto Salvo, Portugal. Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and phenobarbital were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Algés, Portugal) with a purity of 99.9%.
7
In Vitro Xenobiotic Metabolism Protocol
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5-Pregnen-3β-ol-20-one-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), phenobarbital (PB), β-naphthoflavone (βNF), rifampicin (RIF), 1,4-Bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene,3,32,5,52-tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene (TCPOBOP), ethoxyquin (EQ), corn oil (CO), dl -dithiothreitol (DTT), and iodoacetamide (IAA) were purchased from Sigma (Dorset, UK). 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin (TCDD) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Trypsin Gold was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI).
8
CYP2B6 Regulation by PB and CITCO
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Phenobarbital (PB) and 6-(4-Chlorophenyl) imidazo[2,1-b][1 (link),3 (link)]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) oxime (CITCO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (Coralville, IA). The Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System was purchased through Promega (Madison, WI). Antibodies against CYP2B6 and HNF3β were from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX). β-Actin antibody was from Sigma-Aldrich. Matrigel, insulin, and ITS+ (insulin/transferrin/selenium) were obtained from BD Biosciences (Bedford, MA). Other cell culture reagents were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY) or Sigma-Aldrich.
9
Tenapanor Cytochrome P450 Induction Assay
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Induction of CYP mRNA expression by tenapanor in vitro was assessed by Xenoblis (Saint‐Grégoire, France). The potential of tenapanor to induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4 was investigated by measurement of mRNA levels after incubation of human HepaRG cell line cultures (Biopredic International, Rennes, France) with tenapanor at concentrations of 0.0001 to 50 μM for 24 hours. In addition, HepaRG cell cultures were exposed for the same period to rifampicin (0.02‐20 μM), omeprazole (0.21‐50 μM), 6‐[4‐chlorophenyl]imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole‐5‐carbaldehyde O‐[3,4‐dichlorobenzyl]oxime; 0.001‐1 μM (CITCO), and phenobarbital (8.2‐2000 μM) (Sigma Aldrich, Saint‐Quentin‐Fallavier, France) as positive controls, as well as to solvent vehicle controls. Four experiments were performed, each evaluating a range of tenapanor concentrations, with each concentration tested in triplicate.
CYP mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (Applied Biosystem 7900HT Fast Real‐Time PCR System, Life Technologies SAS, Villebon‐sur‐Yvette, France) relative to GAPDH, a housekeeping gene, using SYBR® Green validated primers for CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4.18 CYP mRNA fold induction was calculated as the ratio between the mRNA expression of induced cells and control cells incubated with vehicle only.
CYP mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (Applied Biosystem 7900HT Fast Real‐Time PCR System, Life Technologies SAS, Villebon‐sur‐Yvette, France) relative to GAPDH, a housekeeping gene, using SYBR® Green validated primers for CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4.
10
Analytical Standards for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF, CAS 205-99-2), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF, CAS 207-08-9), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, CAS 50-32-8), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP, CAS 193-39-5), nitric acid (HNO3, CAS 7697-37-2), hydrochloric acid (HCl, CAS 7647-01-0), hydrofluoric acid (HF, CAS 7664-39-3), and perchloric acid (HClO4, CAS 7601-90-3) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Fluoranthene (FR, CAS 206-44-0) and pyrene (PY, CAS 129-00-0) were obtained from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Benz[a]anthracene (BaA, CAS 56-55-3), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA, CAS 53-70-3), 1-nitropyrene (CAS 5522-43-0), and 2-acetylaminofluorene (CAS 53-96-3) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Chrysene (CHR, CAS 218-01-9), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP, CAS 191-24-2), phenobarbital (CAS 50-06-6), and β-naphthoflavone (CAS 6051-87-2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quartz filters were obtained from Pall Life Sciences (Port Washington, NY, USA).
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