Capillary blood glucose measurements were performed via the glucose oxidase method using a hand-held diabetes monitoring device (Abbott MediSense FreeStyle Precision Neo Blood Glucose and Ketone Monitoring System, Abbott). Since previous research has indicated that blood pressure may be elevated by ingestion of a large glucose bolus [23 (link),24 (link)], mean arterial blood pressure was measured using an automated blood pressure monitor (OMRON Blood Pressure Monitor, OMRON Healthcare). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated from the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as indicated below:
Blood pressure monitor
Manufactured by Omron
Sourced in Japan, China, United States
The Omron Blood Pressure Monitor is a device designed to measure and display the user's blood pressure. It provides a digital readout of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, along with the heart rate.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ketone monitoring system, by Abbott (1 mentions)
Bioimpedance scale, by Omron (1 mentions)
Digital scale, by Tanita (1 mentions)
Sphygmocor, by CardieX (1 mentions)
Dca vantage analyzer, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Body composition analyzer, by InBody (1 mentions)
874 digital scale, by Seca (1 mentions)
Bc418ma body composition analyzer, by Tanita (1 mentions)
Hem 7112 electronic monitor, by Omron (1 mentions)
39 protocols using blood pressure monitor
1
Glucose and Blood Pressure Monitoring
2
Vascular Reactivity and Arterial Stiffness Assessment
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For both DIVAS and DIVAS-2 studies, macro- and micro-vascular reactivity were assessed by conducting FMD of the brachial artery (primary outcome measure) and LDI with iontophoresis, respectively [24 (link)]. In the peripheral arteries, DVP (Pulse Trace PCA2; Micro Medical Ltd., Chatham, UK) assessed arterial stiffness and vascular tone by measuring the stiffness index (DVP-SI; m/s) and reflection index (DVP-RI; %), respectively [24 (link)]. In DIVAS, 24 h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate measurements were taken at 30 min intervals throughout the day and 60 min intervals during the night at baseline and week 16 using A/A grade automated oscillometric ABP monitors (A & D Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, UK) as described elsewhere [21 (link)]. In DIVAS and DIVAS-2, clinic measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate were recorded at each study visit using an OMRON blood pressure monitor (OMRON Healthcare UK Ltd., Milton Keynes, UK). The difference between the average systolic and diastolic blood pressures was used to determine pulse pressure.
3
Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
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Using the Seca mechanical column scale, the weight of all patients was measured while they had the least clothes. In order to measure the height, people stand beside the wall, without shoes, and using the tape measure with a precision about 1 cm, while the shoulders, heel, and hips were in contact with the wall. In addition, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of all patients was measured twice using a calibrated OMRON blood pressure monitor and their mean were recorded.
4
Monitoring Metabolic Changes Post-Vaccination
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Blood pressure upper arm monitor (Brand: Omron) and blood glucose monitor (Brand: Verio Flex) were purchased by researchers. Each participant in the hypertension/combined disease group was given a blood pressure monitor, and each in the diabetes/combined disease group was given a blood glucose monitor. For those with hypertension, blood pressure was measured at 9 time points, before vaccination, 30 min after vaccination, and on days 1–7 after vaccination. Data before and 30 min after vaccination were acquired by staff on site, and others were tested at home by participants with the Omron blood pressure monitor. All data were recorded accurately in the diary logbook. In the diabetic population, fasting and 2 h postprandial blood glucose was measured at 5 time points, before and on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after vaccination. All measurements were conducted by participants with the Verio Flex blood glucose monitor and data were recorded accurately in the diary logbook as well. Specialized staff trained hypertension/diabetes/combined disease participants on site on how to use blood pressure and blood glucose monitors to ensure that they were operated and recorded accurately and met the requirements of specific measurement time points.
5
Standardized Blood Pressure Measurement
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Resting blood pressure was measured with a digital automatic OMRON blood pressure monitor while the participant was sitting. Three readings of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were taken on the right arm using the appropriate cuff size for each participant after a 15 min rest. The participant rests for three minutes between each of the readings. During data analysis, the mean of the second and third readings was calculated to be used for analyses. The blood pressure cut-offs for adolescents and adults are the same and are categorised as follows: Normal BP is defined as systolic BP (SBP) < 120 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) < 80 mmHg; raised BP is defined as SBP of 120–129 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg; hypertension stage 1 is SBP 130–139 mmHg and/or DBP 80–89 mmHg, and hypertension stage 2 is SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg [39 (link),40 (link)].
6
Subjective Effects of Alcohol Consumption
7
Blood Pressure Measurement Protocol
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The participants’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured using an Omron blood pressure monitor (calibrated before using). During the test, the participant will be asked to sit quietly for approximately 5 minutes and then remove outer garments and roll up their shirtsleeves, if necessary, to bare the upper right arm. The measurements will be taken on the right arm. The participant’s arm will be resting on the desk so that the antecubital fossa is at the level of the heart, with the palm relaxed and facing upward. Then, the cuff will be placed on the right arm, with the bottom edge 1 cm to 2 cm above the antecubital fossa. The top edge of the cuff cannot be restricted by clothing. Two measurements will be taken 1 minute apart, and the readings will be recorded. Before and during the measurement, it is necessary for the participant to be calm [56 (link)]. Blood pressure will be measured at 3 time points and treated as a continuous variable. Changes in blood pressure will be calculated and compared between the IG and CG.
8
Comprehensive Anthropometric and Cardiovascular Assessment
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During the first experimental session, height will be measured with a stadiometer and weight will be assessed with an electronic weight scale. Recorded height and weight will be used to confirm the participant’s self-reported height and weight on the screening questionnaire. Waist circumference will be measured with a tape measure. Body fat percentage will be assessed with an Omron bioimpedance scale. Blood pressure will be measured with an aneroid sphygmomanometer, Omron blood pressure monitor. Three successive arterial blood pressure readings will be taken on the participant’s left arm, with a 2-min interval between each reading.
9
Cardiovascular Stress Response Measurement
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To indicate challenge and threat cardiovascular responses, heart rate variability and blood pressure were measured. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline, before gameplay, and after gameplay using an Omron blood pressure monitor. Higher blood pressure indicated more sympathetic nervous system activity, which would occur in a cardiovascular stress response. Heart rate variability is an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system activity and vagal tone and measures the variability in the inter-beat intervals of the heart. Heart rate variability was measured continuously with a Polaris RS800CX heart rate monitor in 5-min intervals. Heart rate variability outcomes were compared using the square root of the mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD), which is a recommended time domain measure for short-term heart rate variability estimates (Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, 1996 (link)). Lower RMSSD scores indicated more sympathetic nervous activity and less parasympathetic nervous system activity, which would occur in a cardiovascular stress response. Data were analyzed using the ProTrainer 5 and Kubios programs, and artifacts were filtered using protocols within the Kubios program.
10
Blood Pressure Measurement Preceding Capillaroscopy
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BP was measured directly before capillaroscopy using an Omron blood pressure monitor (Kyōto, Japan).
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