The chemical library was donated by the EPA ToxCast Program. For verification and replication experiments, the following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: DL -α tocopherol acetate (T3376), DL -sulforophane (S4441), vincristine sulfate salt (V8879), oxyfluorfen (35031), rotenone (45656), fenamidone (33965), pyraclostrobin (33696), trifloxystrobin (46447), myxothiazol (T5580), pyridaben (46047), azoxystrobin (31697), fluoxastrobin (33797), fenpyroximate (31684) and kresoxim-methyl (37899). Famoxadone was purchased from Chem Service, Inc (N-11943). Topotecan hydrochloride was purchased from Tocris (4562). Paclitaxel was purchased from Fisher Scientific (AC32842). All chemical stocks were prepared in DMSO unless otherwise noted. Vehicle samples were prepared with an equivalent DMSO concentration of ≤0.5% in feeding medium.
Pyraclostrobin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Japan, Germany
Pyraclostrobin is a fungicide developed and marketed by the Merck Group. It functions as a respiration inhibitor, targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain in fungi. Pyraclostrobin is used to control a variety of fungal diseases in agricultural and horticultural applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Azoxystrobin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Boscalid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trifloxystrobin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyridaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tebufenpyrad, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fluxapyroxad, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Prothioconazole desthio, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Iprodione, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Propiconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Difenoconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fenbuconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cyprodinil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tebuconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Penconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fludioxonil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Vincristine sulfate salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oxyfluorfen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Myxothiazol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
11 protocols using pyraclostrobin
1
Chemical Library Acquisition and Verification
2
Pesticide Exposure on Honeybees
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Chlorpyrifos and pyraclostrobin (purities of all > 99%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). Stock solutions for each compound were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted into 20% (w/V) sucrose-solution to a final exposure concentration. Stock and exposure concentrations are summarized in Table 2 .
Information on the exposure experiments and oral LD50 concentrations, CPF Chlorpyrifos, PS pyraclostrobin; both test substances were dissolved in DMSO, DMSO concentration in 20% (w/V) sucrose-solution: 0.1% DMSO, control: 20% (w/V) sucrose-solution with 0.1% DMSO.
| Experiment | Bee source | Date of exposure | Oral LD50 concentrations (mg/bee) | Exposure concentrations | Concentration test substances/ml 20% sucrose-solution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure 1 | Colony 1 | 20–21.07.2021 | CPF: 0.144 mg/bee37 (link) PS: > 100 mg/bee (Pesticide Properties Data Base, University of Hertfordshire) | 0.6 ng/bee CPF | CPF: 3 and 30 ng/ml PS: 132,5 microg/ml |
| Exposure 2 | Colony 2 | 22–23.07.2021 | 0.06 und 0.6 ng/bee CPF, 2.65 µg/bee PS | ||
| Exposure 3 | Colony 3 | 27–28.07. 2021 | 0.6 ng/bee CPF, 2.65 microg/bee PS |
Selected exposure concentrations were in the non-toxic range.
3
Dose-Response Bioassay Protocol
4
Chemical Compound Sourcing and Preparation
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Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and 2,3,‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA) were purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, prothioconazole‐desthio, tolnaftate, and tebufenpyrad were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Metyltetraprole (>99% purity) was synthesized as previously described.6 For conducting in vitro experiments, all chemical compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide as stock solutions. For carrying out the metyltetraprole treatment in fields, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of metyltetraprole was prepared by Sumitomo Chemical.
5
Characterization of Pesticide Standards
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Chlorantraniliprole (98% purity, CAS 500008‐45‐7) and flubendiamide (98.1%, CAS 272451‐65‐7) were obtained in‐house at Bayer AG. Cyprodinil (99%, CAS 121552‐61‐2), iprodione (99.6%, CAS 1215631‐57‐4), boscalid (99.5%, CAS 188425‐85‐6), pyraclostrobin (99.9%, CAS 175013‐18‐0), chlorothalonil (99%, CAS 1897‐45‐6), difenoconazole (99.5%, CAS 119446‐68‐3), fenbuconazole (99%, CAS 114369‐43‐6), metconazole (98.9%, CAS 125116‐23‐6) and propiconazole (99%, CAS 60207‐90‐1) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The fluorescent probe 7‐benzyloxymethoxy‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐coumarin (BOMFC; CAS 277309‐33‐8) was synthesized by Enamine Ltd. (Riga, Latvia) with a purity of 95%. HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Unless otherwise mentioned all other reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
6
Analytical Standards for Pesticide Detection
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L-menthol (natural source, food grade, ≥ 99% purity), BHT (food grade, ≥ 99% purity), formic acid, elevated purity grade solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol), as well as analytical standards of azoxystrobin, boscalid, buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, clofentezine, dodine, fludioxonil, hexythiazox, methoxyfenozide, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, pyridaben, spirotetramat, tebuconazole and tebufenpyrad were purchased from Sigma Aldrich-Merck S.r.l. (Milan, Italy). A Milli-Q Plus apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA.) was used for obtaining ultrapure water.
Weighted amounts of the analytical standards (OhausDV215CD Discovery semi-micro and analytical balance, 81/210 g capacity, 0.01/0.1 mg readability, Ohaus Corporation, Pine Brook, NJ, USA) were dissolved in methanol or toluene (clofentezine and pyraclostrobin) in volumetric flasks, in order to obtain individual stock solutions at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1.The last ones were diluted in methanol for preparing the multi-standard working solutions at 0.02, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 ng μL−1 used for the method validation.
Weighted amounts of the analytical standards (OhausDV215CD Discovery semi-micro and analytical balance, 81/210 g capacity, 0.01/0.1 mg readability, Ohaus Corporation, Pine Brook, NJ, USA) were dissolved in methanol or toluene (clofentezine and pyraclostrobin) in volumetric flasks, in order to obtain individual stock solutions at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1.The last ones were diluted in methanol for preparing the multi-standard working solutions at 0.02, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 ng μL−1 used for the method validation.
7
Fungicide Compound Formulation and Efficacy
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For in vitro experiments, chemical compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as stock solutions. Metyltetraprole (99.1% purity) was synthesized by Sumitomo Chemical, Tokyo, Japan. Fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and prothioconazole‐desthio were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Japan, Tokyo, Japan. For efficacy tests on seedling pots or in fields, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of metyltetraprole was prepared by Sumitomo Chemical. pyraclostrobin (Comet, 200 g L−1 EC; BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany) was also used for greenhouse efficacy tests.
8
Evaluating Biocontrol of Welsh Onion Pathogens
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To evaluate the preventive and curative action of B. velezensis strain GFB08, the strain was applied (30 mL, OD600 = 1.0) on Welsh onion plants one day prior (preventive) and one day after (curative) inoculation with each pathogen (106 spores/mL for C. spaethianum strain SX15-2 and 5 × 104 spores/mL for S. vesicarium strain SX20-2). Strain GFB08 was re-applied three and ten dpi following the methods illustrated above. A fungicide mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid (Wonderful®, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as the positive control. Plants inoculated with sterile distilled water containing 0.05% Tween-20 and 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose (Showa Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were used as the negative controls. Diseased leaf areas were measured by ImageJ and DLA was calculated by the methods described above.
The experiment was repeated in two independent trials with four replicated plants per treatment.
The experiment was repeated in two independent trials with four replicated plants per treatment.
9
Ternary Fungicide Mixture Preparation
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Azoxystrobin, boscalid and pyraclostrobin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The ternary mixed fungicide of ABP is composed of Azoxystrobin, boscalid and pyraclostrobin in an equal mass ratio (Azoxystrobin: boscalid: pyraclostrobin =1:1:1, m/m/m). Stock solutions of the ternary mixed fungicide of ABP were prepared by dissolution in acetone and were stored at 4 °C for further dilution. Methanol, acetonitrile and acetic acid (LC-MS grade) were purchased from ANPEL (Shanghai, China). The PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with the gDNA Eraser and TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II were obtained from TaKaRa (Dalian, China).
10
Nano-Cs-NAT Synthesis and Analysis
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The reagents required for Nano-Cs-NAT synthesis: medium molecular weight chitosan, N-isopropylacrylamide, acrylic acid, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and ammonium persulphate, were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), as well as the analytical standards of penconazole, imazalil, hexaconazole, usilazole, triticonazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, bromuconazole, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, methanol and water were purchased by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid was acquired from Fisher Scientic (Waltham, MA, USA). Working solutions were daily prepared from methanol stock solutions conserved at -20 °C.
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