Mangiferin

Baihe (Lilium brownii var. viridulum) and Zhimu (Rhizoma anemarrhenae) were purchased from Shanghai Kangqiao Chinese Medicine Tablet Co., Ltd. (Shanghai China) and authenticated by Dr. Zhixiong Li (Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of TCM, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China). Mangiferin, neoMangiferin, timosaponin BII, timosaponin BIII and timosaponin AIII (purity > 98%) were supplied by Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China), and fluoxetine hydrochloride was provided by Eli Lilly & Co., Ltd. (Indianapolis, USA). HPLC-grade agents, including methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid, were obtained from Merck & Co., Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and were of analytical grade. The deionized water was purified by a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

Gallic acid (1), berberine chloride (8), and benzoic acid (12) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Neomangiferin (2), mangiferin (4), liquiritigenin (13), and benzoylpaeoniflorin (14) were obtained from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals (Chengdu, China). Geniposide (5), albiflorin (6), paeoniflorin (7), liquiritin (10), and glycyrrhizin (15) were obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan). liquiritin apioside (9) and atractylenolide III (16) were obtained from Shanghai Sunny Biotech (Shanghai, China). Chlorogenic acid (3, 99.6% purity) was obtained from Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and nodakenin (11, 98.0% purity), decursin (17), and decursinol angelate (18) were obtained from NPC Bio-Technology (Yeongi, Korea). The chemical structures of each compound are shown in Figure 1, and the purity of these compounds was higher than 98%. The distilled water, acetonitrile, and methanol used for the mobile phase and formic acid were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) and Merck KGaA (Darmastadt, Germany), respectively.