In order to synthesize the zinc doped hydroxyapatite (Zn:HAp), precursors of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2∙4H2O, Aldrich, Carlsbad, CA, USA), ammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4; Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Richmond, VA, USA) and Zn(NO3)6·6H2O (Alpha Aesare, Karlsruhe, Germany, 99.99% purity) were used.
Ca no3 2 4h2o
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O is a chemical compound that consists of calcium, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. It is a crystalline solid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Nh4 2hpo4, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Mg no3 2 6h2o, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sr no3 2, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Zn no3 2 6h2o, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ammonium hydrogen phosphate nh4 2hpo4, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Agno3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
C2h5o 4si, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Mgso4 7h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Mncl2 4h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
E toxate kit, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potato dextrose agar (pda), by Solabia (1 mentions)
Muller hinton broth, by Solabia (1 mentions)
Hplc grade water, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
C6h12o6 h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate teos, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
36 protocols using ca no3 2 4h2o
1
Synthesis of Zn-Doped Hydroxyapatite
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Strontium-Substituted Hydroxyapatite
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The production and characterization of pure and strontium-substituted BCP powders have been reported previously [9 (link),33 (link)]. The particle size range was from 1 to 100 µm (the mean particle size as determined by laser granulometry was around 30 µm, with significant polydispersity) [9 (link),33 (link)]. Briefly, the sol–gel route previously proposed by the authors was used. To produce 2 g of pure HAp powder, 4.7 g of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (Aldrich) and 0.84 g of P2O5 (Avocado Research chemicals) were dissolved in ethanol under stirring and refluxed at 85 °C for 24 h. Then, this solution was kept at 55 °C for 24 h, to obtain a white consistent gel and was further heated at 80 °C for 10 h to obtain a white powder. Finally, the powder was heated at 1100 °C for 15 h. To prepare Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite, the required amount of Sr(NO3)2 (Aldrich) was added to the solution. In the presented work, particles were tested and found to be endotoxin-free using the E-toxate kit from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, Isère, France).
3
Gum Arabic-based Antimicrobial Synthesis
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Gum Arabic (GA) was obtained from the southern area of Morocco: Laayoune-Smara. The Ca(NO3)2*4H2O (99%), (NH4)2HPO4 (99%) were purchased from Aldrich in high purity forms and used as re. Muller-Hinton as received. (Biokar); Muller-Hinton broth (Biokar); potato dextrose agar (PDA), sterile distilled water, and sterile paper discs were used in this work. All synthesis and testing procedure were carried out in triplicates.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-doped n-CDHA Scaffolds
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The Cu-doped n-CDHA slurry was prepared in a reactor under 40℃ according to a precipitation route described elsewhere.25 Briefly, a certain amount of CuSO4·5H2O (AR, Guang dou Guanghua Sci-Tech co., Ltd) and 10 mole calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca (NO3)2.4H2O, 99.2% Aldrich) was added dropwise to 6 mole diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4, 99.2% Aldrich), and the pH was continuously controlled and adjusted at 9.0±0.1 by adding NH4OH (AR, Chengdou kelong Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd). Precipitate was aged in mother solution for 48 h, washed with NH4OH aqueous solution and alcohol (AR, Sichuan Xilong Chemical co., Ltd). Cu-doped n-CDHA with various Cu/CDHA ratio (W/W, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 12.5%) were obtained.
The preparation method of Cu-doped n-CDHA/MAC composite with 40 wt% Cu-doped n-CDHA was described in detail in the reference,21 (link) and the scaffold was prepared according to the reference.26 The Cu in the obtained scaffolds were 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5%, respectively (Figure1 ).![]()
The preparation method of Cu-doped n-CDHA/MAC composite with 40 wt% Cu-doped n-CDHA was described in detail in the reference,21 (link) and the scaffold was prepared according to the reference.26 The Cu in the obtained scaffolds were 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5%, respectively (
A flow chart about the preparation of scaffold.
5
Synthesis of SiO2@ZrO2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles
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The surface of the SiO2@ZrO2 core–shell material was modified by solvo-thermal synthesis [47 (link)]. The SiO2@ZrO2 structures were stirred with ethanol absolute reagent for 15 min, and this mixture was named dissolution 1. C6H12O6∙H2O (2.00 g, Merck) and H2NCONH2 (0.440 g, Merck) were dissolved in HPLC water grade Merck (20 mL), and 0.250g of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O Sigma-Aldrich precursor was incorporated over the solution. The resulting mixture was kept for 15 min under stirring, and this mixture was named dissolution 2. After that, dissolution 2 was added dropwise into dissolution 1 under stirring for an additional 15 min. The formed nanoparticles were transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave Parr reactor and maintained for 20 h at 160 °C. The material was washed several times in ethanol absolute and dried at 70 °C for 12 h, and then the solid was calcined at 700 °C in air for 6 h.
6
Synthesis of Phosphate-Based Inorganic Compounds
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The chemicals used to accomplish the experiments are as follows: (NH4)2HPO4 (98%) from Sigma–Aldrich, Ca(NO3)2*4H2O (99%), NH₄OH (25% solution), Ce(NO3)3*6H2O (99%), Mg(NO3)2*6H2O (99%) from Fluka—Honeywell Research Chemicals, and ultrapure water.
7
Synthesis of Sr-Containing Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses
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Mesoporous bioactive glasses containing 4% molar percentage of strontium (Sr/Ca/Si = 4/11/85) were synthetized exploiting a base-catalyzed sol–gel method following the protocol previously reported by the authors [13 (link)]. Briefly, Sr-containing nanosized MBG (MBG_Sr4%) were produced dissolving 6.6 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, ≥98%, Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy) and 12 mL NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide solution, Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy) in 600 mL of ddH2O. Thirty mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Tetraethyl orthosilicate, Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy), 4.13 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, 99%, Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy) and 1.68 g of strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl2·6H2O, for analysis EMSURE® ACS) were subsequently added and the resulting suspension was kept under vigorous stirring for 3 h. After centrifugation (Hermle Labortechnik Z326, Hermle LaborTechnik GmbH, Wehingen, Germany) at 10,000 rpm for 5 min, the final precipitate was washed once with distilled water and two times with absolute ethanol, and finally dried at 70 °C for 12 h. The powders were further calcined at 600 °C in a furnace (Carbolite 1300 CWF 15/5 Carbolite Ltd., Parson Lane, Hope, Hope Valley, UK) to avoid CTAB residues.
8
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoparticles
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The synthesis of silica-based MSNs, SiO2 (MSi), two types of SiO2CaO (50SiO250CaO and 60SiO240CaO mol, respectively) (MSiCa50 and MSiCa60) and SiO2CaOMgO with the nominal composition of akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) (MAk), was performed through a modified sol–gel method, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as agent for the mesoporous structure. Moreover, Sr-doped MSNs were successfully synthesized also with SrO being added in percentages of 2, 4 and 6% mol, replacing Mg in the nominal composition of akermanite (MAkSr2, MAkSr4 and MAkSr6, respectively). The reactants were sodium hydroxide (NaOH, alkaline medium), CTAB, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and Sr(NO3)2 from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The final molar ratios were 1TEOS/0.13CTAB/0.4NaOH/1280H2O. All the synthesized materials were dried at 60 °C overnight and underwent calcination at 600 °C for 5 h to remove CTAB.
9
Synthesis of Amino Acid Complexes
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l -cysteine, Ca(NO3)2 × 4H2O, Al(NO3)3 × 9H2O, NaOH, peracetic acid, bromine, hydrogen peroxide, methanol and acetone were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary) and were used without further purification.
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10
Cellulose Nanofiber from Sawdust and Grapefruit
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All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, KH2PO4, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, AgNO3, NaClO2, H2SO4, NaF, NaOH, and other chemicals used were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and supplied by Rochelle Chemicals, Johannesburg, South Africa. The raw material used in the preparation of cellulose nanofiber in this work is sawdust/wood chips (waste product of woodworking operations) and the peel of Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit red). Raw sawdust was collected from the School of Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa. Ultrapure water from Ultrapure Milli-Q water S.A.S (Molsheim, France) (18.2 MΩ/cm) was used in the preparation and dilution of standards throughout the experiment.
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