Ab181602

Total protein was isolated using RIPA lysis buffer, separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membrane was and probed with diluted primary rabbit antibodies against Caspase-3 (ab13847), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax; ab32503), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (ab32124), Bcl-XL (ab32370), TGF-β1 (ab92486), β-actin (ab8227), GAPDH (ab181602), E-cadherin (3195), N-cadherin (13116), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 (14351), MMP9 (13667), Smad2 (5339), Smad3 (9523), phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 (18338), and p-Smad3 (9520, Cell Signaling Technologies) overnight at 4°C. The antibodies were from Abcam except for p-Smad2/3. After washing, membrane was re-probed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ab205719, 1: 2000, Abcam) for 1 h. The protein bands were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (EMD Millipore). β-actin and GAPDH were used as internal controls. The gray values were analyzed with Image J software.

The PI3K/AKT Inhibitor Piperlongumine (S7551) and AKT activator SC79 (S7863) were purchased from Selleck‐chem (Houston, TX, USA). Reagents were reconstituted and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. Antibodies against MLH1 (ab124715), EGFR (#4108), p‐EGFR (ab56416), Her‐2 (BECN1, ab207612), PI3K (ab213521), AKT (#4668), Bcl‐2 (#4223), Bax (ab51520), active caspase‐3 (ab15580), and GAPDH (ab181602) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA) and Abcam (Cambridge, UK).

Cell lysates were made from HUVECs using RIPA buffer comprising phosphatase inhibitors (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and Halt protease inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Bradford assay was adopted to test the concentration of proteins. The cell lysates were mixed with loading buffer and separated on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gels. The proteins on gels were then transferred onto PVDF membrane. The membranes were blocked in TBST containing 0.05 g/mL BSA for 1 h. After blocking, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies (abcam, san francsico, USA), rabbit-derived GAPDH (1:10000, ab181602), E-selectin (1:200, ab18981), VCAM-1 (1:2000, ab134047), ICAM-1 (1:2000, ab53013), caspase-1(1:500, ab138483), NLRP3 (1:500, ab214185), ASC (1:1000, ab155970), PI3K (1:1000, ab191606), p-PI3K (1:1000, ab182651), AKT (1:10000, ab179463), p-AKT (T308, 1:1000, ab38449) and p-AKT (Ser473,1:2000, 4060 T, Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, USA). The membranes were washed in TBST and then incubated at room temperature for 2 h with goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5000, Beijing ComWin Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The membranes were then rinsed three times with TBST. ECL luminescent solution was used before a chemiluminecence imaging analysis system (GE Healthcare, USA) was applied for observation.