Raw264.7 mouse macrophage cells

HepG2-C8 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were established and cultured as previously described (43 (link), 44 (link)). RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells and human HK-2 renal proximal tubular cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA). HepG2-C8, RAW 264.7, and HK-2 cells were cultured in 10% FBS DMEM medium supplemented with 100 unit/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37°C in 5% CO₂ incubator. Cells were incubated in 1% FBS DMEM medium when treated with MIC-1 or SFN. HK-2 cells were seeded then subjected to serum-free DMEM for 24 hours prior to treatment with either low glucose (5.5 mM D-glucose) or high glucose (30 mM D-glucose) with or without MIC-1. Mannitol (24.5 mM) was added to low glucose media as an osmotic control.

A 1000 μg/mL silicon standard was purchased from inorganic ventures (Christiansburg, VA) and used to generate standards and spiked recovery samples. 10 μg/mL bare surface spherical SiNP standards (100, 200, 300, and 500 nm in diameter) were purchased from Nanocomposix (San Diego, CA, Cat. SISN100-25M, SISN200-25M, SISN300-25M, SISN500-25M, respectively) and used for nanoparticle standard calibrations, cell treatments, and nanoparticle recovery experiments. Nanoparticles were amorphous silica and certified utilizing DLS. Samples were dispersed in ddH₂O. TraceMetal grade HNO₃ (~69%) was purchased from Thermofisher (Waltham, MA) and all subsequent HNO₃ dilutions were prepared with Milli-Q H₂O (18.2 MΩcm, Millipore, Burlington, MA).
RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA) Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), trypsin EDTA (0.25%) and penicillin/streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) were purchased from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Corning Scientific (Corning, USA).