Normal rat chow feed

3-Trimethylsilylpropionic acid (TSP) and Streptozotocin (STZ) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Deuterium oxide (D₂O, 99.9%), deuterated methanol (CD₃OD, 99.9%), potassium dihydrogren phosphate, deuterated sodium hydroxide and sodium azide were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The normal rat chow feed was purchased from Specialty feeds (Glen Forrest, Australia).

The NMR reagents used for measurements, namely deuterium oxide (D₂O, 99.9%), deuterated methanol (CD₃OD, 99.9%), deuterated sodium hydroxide (NaOD), trimethylsilylpropionic acid-d₄ (TSP), dextromethorphan hydrobromide (C₁₈H₂₅NO.HBr, 99%), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection derived from Escherichia coli 026: B6, sterile-filtered phosphate buffer saline (PBS), dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DXM), and sterile purified water were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Absolute methanol (MeOH) and chloroform (CHCl₃) were procured from Fisher Scientific UK (Leicester, UK). Ultrapure distilled water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system. The normal rat chow feed was purchased from Specialty Feeds (Glen Forrest, Australia). The Pierce^® 660 nm Protein Assay reagents were supplied by Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA, 99% pure grade) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The complete kit for cytokines quantification; G-series Rat Inflammation Array 1; catalog no: GSR-INF-1 was purchased from RayBiotech (Norcross, GA, USA).