Isorhamnetin

Methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli serotype 026:B6 (Lot# 021M4072V), (-)-nicotine, methyllycaconitine citrate salt hydrate (MLA) from Delphinium brownii seeds, mecamylamine hydrochloride and 7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-oxide sodium salt (resazurin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Astragalin, baicalein, catechin, daidzin, daidzein, delphinidin, genistein, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin, malvidin, petunidin-3-glycoside, quercetagetin, quercetin, rhamnetin, sakuranetin, spiraeoside and tamarixetin (Fig. 1) were purchased from Chromadex (Irvine, CA, USA). [³H]-MLA (∼60Ci/mmol), [³H]-cytisine (∼16Ci/mmol) and [³H]-epibatidine (∼30Ci/mmol) were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibiotics (10000U/mL penicillin and 10000ug/mL streptomycin), 2.5% trypsin (10×), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbeccos' Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DMEM:Nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12) and Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were purchased from Life Technologies Corporation (Grand Island, NY, USA). Griess reagent system was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). TNF-alpha ELISA Ready-SET-Go!^® was purchased from eBioscience Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).