Total drp 1

Various antibodies were purchased from the following suppliers: HIV-1 Tat (#ab43014) from Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; against phospho-DRP1 (#3455), Alix (#2171), GRP94 (#2104), and p-eNOS (#9571) from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers MA, USA; against CD81 (#sc-23962), CD63 (#sc-5275), and TSG101 (#sc-7964) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; β-actin (#A5441) from Sigma-Aldrich; total DRP-1 (#611112), total eNOS (#610296) from BD Transduction Laboratory, San Jose, CA, USA. Vybrant DiD cell-labeling dye for exosome staining was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Dihydroethidium (DHE) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to detect cytosolic superoxide and MitoSOX Red (Molecular Probes) for the detection of mitochondrial superoxide. To label mitochondria, MitoTracker Red and MitoTracker Green were used (Molecular Probes). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), PX866, Dynasore, and Cytochalasin D were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI), Ionomycin was from Sigma-Aldrich, and recombinant human IL-2 (rIL-2) was from Miltenyi Biotec (Auburn, CA, USA). GW4896 was from Selleckchem (Houston, TX).

Fibrinogen from human plasma (#F3879) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent (#M5655) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. DRP1 shRNA(h) lentiviral particles (#sc-43732-V), Control shRNA lentiviral particles-A (#sc-108080), and Polybrene® (#sc-134220) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA. Antibodies were purchased from the following suppliers: against ZO-2 (#2847), phospho-DRP1[S616] (#3455), phospho-DRP1[S636] (#4867), and claudin-5 (#49,564) from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers MA, USA; against JAM-A (#sc-53623) and occludin (#sc-133256) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; against β-actin (#A5441), and MFN2 (#M6444) from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; against total DRP1 (#611,112) and OPA1 (#612,606) from BD Transduction Laboratory, San Jose, CA, USA; against PECAM-1 (#01004) from BiCell Scientific, Maryland Heights, MO, USA; against FIS1 (#ALX-210–1037) from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc, Farmingdale, NY, USA; and against VE-cadherin (#36–1900) from Invitrogen, Frederick, MD, USA.