Celluclast 1.5L (cellulase), Novozyme 188 (β-glucosidase) and Pectinex Ultra SP-L (pectinase) preparations were kindly donated by Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). The cellulase and β-glucosidase activities of the above enzyme preparations were determined using standard assays (Ghose 1987 ); cellulase activity was expressed as filter paper units, FPU ml−1, whereas the β-glucosidase activity was expressed as international units (IU), where 1 IU is equal to 1 μmol min−1 of substrate converted. Pectinase activity was determined as described elsewhere (Phutela et al. 2005 (link)), using citrus pectin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as substrate and galacturonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) as standard and expressed as units (U) where 1 U is equal to the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol min−1 of galacturonic acid equivalents.
Galacturonic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, China, United Kingdom
Galacturonic acid is a monosaccharide that is a component of pectin, a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of many plants. It is a uronic acid derived from the oxidation of galactose. Galacturonic acid serves as a core structural element in pectin molecules.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Glucuronic acid, by Merck Group (37 mentions)
Galactose, by Merck Group (35 mentions)
Arabinose, by Merck Group (35 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (32 mentions)
Xylose, by Merck Group (30 mentions)
Rhamnose, by Merck Group (28 mentions)
Mannose, by Merck Group (26 mentions)
Fucose, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Fructose, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Ribose, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Monosaccharide standard, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (7 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Guluronic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Mannuronic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
1 phenyl 3 methyl 5 pyrazolone, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Trifluoroacetic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Citric acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
100 protocols using galacturonic acid
1
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Pectin
2
Wolfberry Pollen Polysaccharide Extraction
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The wolfberry pollen was collected from the Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Yinchuan, Ningxia, China). Cellulose DEAE-52, Sephadex G-100 columns and monosaccharide standards (mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and trehalose) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from TEDIA Co., Inc. (Fairfield, IA, USA). 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) high-glucose DMEM medium and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin double antibody and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from KeyGEN BioTech Co., Ltd. Nanjing, China). In situ cell death detection kit and POD were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, USA) and DAPI was obtained from ZSGB-BIO Biological Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis detection kit was purchased from Best Bio Biological Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
3
Extraction and Analysis of Himalayan Plant Polysaccharides
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Roots of Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew) heim were purchased from Qinghai Tibetan hospital in Qinghai (batch number: 20161023; Xining, Qinghai province, China). Dextran standards (5800, 11 800, 47 300, 100 000, 380 000, and 788 000 Da) were acquired from Pharmacia Biotech (Uppsala, Sweden). Standard monosaccharides (glucose, d -glucosamine hydrochloride, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-d -glucosamine, d -galactosamine hydrochloride, xylose, fructose, arabinose, guluronic acid, mannuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid) were purchased from Sigma chemical. Dialysis membranes (size 36, MWCO = 8–14 kDa) were purchased from Wako. Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sodium borohydride, chloroform, NaOH powder, DMSO, iodomethane, formic acid, methanol, trifluoroacetic acid were all analytical reagents.
4
Microbial Substrate Procurement and Reagent Acquisition
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All chemicals were purchased from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany), except citrus pectin, galacturonic acid, polygalacturonic acid sodium salt, and D-(+)-glucosamine hydrochloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Microbial substrates like wheat bran, sugar beet pulp pellets, and molasses were obtained from local suppliers (Bremer Rolandmühle Erling GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany; Nordzucker AG, Uelzen, Germany; Golden Sweet, Meckenheim, Germany). Restriction enzymes, T4 DNA polymerase, and T4 DNA ligase were purchased from New England Biolabs (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). Oligoprimers and DNA sequencing services were ordered from Eurofins (Ebersberg, Germany).
5
Cell Viability Assay for Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes
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IHR was provided by Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Kunming, China). Phenol, α-naphthol, sulfuric acid, carbazole, Coomassie blue G-250, phosphoric acid, ethanol, chloroform, and monosaccharide control were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, guluronic acid, and arbutin were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human dermal fibroblast (HDF), human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK), and complete cell medium were bought from Sciencell Co., Ltd. (Carlsbad, CA, USA). 12-well plates and 96-well plates were offered by Corning Co., Ltd. (Corning, NY, USA). CCK-8 cell viability assay kit was bought from DOJINDO Biology Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and other detection kits were offered by Takara Co., Ltd. (Takara, Japan).
6
Anticancer and Anticoagulant Properties of Pleurotus eous
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Fresh fruit bodies of Pleurotus eous were sourced from a Mushroom lab, Bio-Centre, Department of Horticulture, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) and human lymphocytic leukaemia cell-lines (Jurkat) were procured from the National Centre for Cell Science, India. DMEM medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco/Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). DEAE cellulose 52, Sephadex G-100, T series dextrans, monosaccharide standards, glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), ribose (Rib), rhamnose (Rha), xylose (Xyl), glucuronic acid (GluA), galacturonic acid (GalA), sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex (S03-Py), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), dimethylformamide (DMF) Coomassie brilliant blue G250, Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Vitamin C (Vc), were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The DEAE cellulose 52 for the fast flow was obtained from GE Healthcare Life Science (Piscataway, NJ, USA). APTT, PT and TT reagent kit was purchased from Agappe diagnostic Ltd., Cochin. All other chemicals are analytical reagent grade and purchased from Himedia in Mumbai, India and Merck, India.
7
Characterization of Antioxidant Compounds
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The compounds 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, carbazole, galacturonic acid, gallic acid, and catechin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). Ascorbic acid was purchased from Reagent Duksan (Ansan-si, Republic of Korea). HPLC ginsenoside standards were purchased from Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).
8
Comprehensive Characterization of Bioactive Compounds
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The compounds 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), methanol, malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, quinic acid, ferulic acid, galacturonic acid, and succinic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). On the other hand, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, isoquercitrin, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Acetonitrile for ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC; Gradient grade) and ascorbic acid were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Characterization of Extracellular Glycans
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Water, acetonitrile, alpha-modified minimum essential medium Eagle (α-MEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Rockford, IL, USA). Arabinose, fucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, xylose, dextran series and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Specific antibodies against NFATc1, c-Fos and β-actin as well as secondary antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
10
Characterization of Tobacco Leaf Polysaccharides
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The flue-cured tobacco leaves (Yunyan 87) were kindly donated from the RandD center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The tobacco leaves were dried at 45°C and ground into powder prior to the experiments. The standard monosaccharides including rhamnose, fucose, arabinase, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Sepharose CL-6B were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents/chemicals used were of analytical grade.
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