Fundus camera

The subsequent clinical course of the submacular hRPESC-RPE grafts was monitored non-invasively by ophthalmic imaging devices at 3, 7, and 14 days post-surgery and then monthly for 3 months. OCT was performed using a Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany), which provides in vivo depth image and layer-specific information of the retina with eye-tracking capabilities. It also allows the OCT scans to be obtained at the same position at baseline and on follow-up examinations. Scanning laser ophthalmoscope-based FAF and retinal FA were also obtained using the same device; color fundus images were taken by a fundus camera (Zeiss, Germany).
Retinal function was assessed by ERG using an Espion system (Diagnosys, USA) with protocols and procedures based upon those recommended for humans by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, but with an LA 5.0 stimulus strength (McCulloch et al., 2015 ).

CEC-like cells were transplanted according to our previous method^{11 (link)}
. Briefly, the corneal endothelium was mechanically scraped with a lacrimal passage irrigator (Shandong Weigao) from the Descemet’s membrane to create monkey corneal endothelial dysfunction models. 50 µl aqueous humor was first extracted from the models’ anterior chamber. Then, 4.0 × 10⁵ CEC-like cells suspended in 50 µl culture medium supplemented with 1.6 µg of Y-27632 (Selleck) were injected into the anterior chamber of four monkeys. And 50 µl culture medium supplemented with 1.6 µg of Y-27632 was injected into the anterior chamber of one monkey. Four monkeys that had cells injected were the experimental group and the other one monkey that had no cells injected was the control group. Peribulbar and subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone and dexamethasone were given after surgery. The eyes of all monkeys were kept in a face-down position for 6 hours under general anesthesia. 0.3% Tobramycin and 0.1% Dexamethasone were given topically 3–4 times a day. The corneas were examined by a slit-lamp microscope (Topcon), Visante OCT (Carl Zeiss), non-contact specular microscopy (Topcon), tenonometer (Suzhou liuliu), gonioscope (Volk), B-ultrasonography (Suoer), and fundus camera (Carl Zeiss) at certain times. The contralateral normal eyes of the monkeys were observed as the normal group.

The primary outcome measures of the study were to analyze awareness and prevalence of DR and to subsequently study the association of DR with identified risk factors including, gender, age, duration of diabetes, smoking status, glycated hemoglobin levels, treatment therapy for T2DM, lipid profile, hypertension, microalbuminuria, DKD, cardiac morbidity, and anemia. A validated questionnaire was used to assess awareness of DR. Dilated Fundus photos were taken on Carl Zeiss Fundus Camera. DR was graded by modified Airlie House Classification.