Lidocaine

When canine experiments were conducted, an initial intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate (Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Osaka, Japan) was administered at 0.04 mg/kg as premedication, followed by an intramuscular injection of a three-mixture solution to induce anesthesia. This mixture included 0.2 mg/kg of butorphanol tartrate (Meiji Seika Pharma, Tokyo, Japan), 80 µg/kg of medetomidine hydrochloride (Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo, Fukushima, Japan), and 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam (Astellas Pharma, Tokyo, Japan). Under local anesthesia with lidocaine (Dentsply Sirona, Tokyo, Japan), upper canine teeth were extracted from 9-month-old female dogs (n = 3) (Kitayama Labes, Ina, Japan). DPSCs were isolated and expanded in T-flasks at 3% oxygen concentration as described previously [21 (link)] with a slight modification of not rotating the culture at the third passage. DPSCs were cryopreserved at 1 × 10⁶ cells/mL at the 4th passage for allogeneic transplantation.

Animals were deeply anesthetized using 1.0 ml/kg of a solution of xylazine (10 mg/ml; Syntec, Brazil) and ketamine (100 mg/ml; Syntec, Brazil), placed in a stereotaxic frame, then local anesthesia with lidocaine 3.0% and epinephrine 1:50,000 (Dentsply, Brazil) was applied. Two stainless steel guide cannulae (22 G, 11 mm) were implanted aimed at the IL cortex following coordinates (AP: + 3.2 mm from Bregma, ML: + 0.6 mm, DV: − 2.1 mm) from the rat brain atlas by Paxinos and Watson²⁶ , and fixed to the skull using acrylic resin and two stainless steel screws. An obturator (30G) was inserted inside each guide cannula to reduce possible occlusion. For post-surgery analgesia, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic actions, animals received an intramuscular injection of flunixin meglumine (2.5 mg/kg; Schering-Plough, Brazil). Animals were given at least ten days of recovery before behavioral testing.