Spot urine samples from baseline were collected in polypropylene tubes,
frozen within 1 to 2 hours of collection, shipped buried in dry ice and stored
in freezers at −70°C in the Penn Medical Laboratory, MedStar
Research Institute, Washington, DC. Strict controls on the sampling, transport
and storage of urine were conducted to ensure study quality (Strong Heart Study, 1991 ). The analyses of cadmium
and other metals were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
ICP-MS (
Agilent 7700x ICP-MS, Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) and
urine samples have already been used to measure creatinine and albumin (Tellez-Plaza et al, 2013b (
link); Scheer et al., 2012 (
link)). The inter-assay and the
intra-assay coefficients of variation for urinary cadmium concentrations were
8.7% and 4.5%, respectively. Standard reference materials
(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST 1640a and 1643e) were used
to test the accuracy of the analyses. The limit of detection for urine cadmium
was 0.015 μg/L (and the corresponding limit of quantification is 0.050
μg/L), but our limit of detection is estimated conservatively so we kept
all values provided by the method above the limit of detection. A total of 87
(5.05%) samples were below the limit of detection and were replaced by
the limit of detection divided by the square root of two.
Olmedo P., Grau-Perez M., Fretts A., Tellez-Plaza M., Gil F., Yeh F., Umans J.G., Francesconi K.A., Goessler W., Franceschini N., Lee E.T., Best L.G., Cole S.A., Howard B.V, & Navas-Acien A. (2016). Dietary determinants of cadmium exposure in the Strong Heart Family Study. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 100, 239-246.