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Alexa fluor 488 and 568

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Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 are fluorescent dyes commonly used in biological and chemical research. They are synthetic dyes designed to have high fluorescence quantum yields and photostability. Alexa Fluor 488 has an excitation maximum of 495 nm and an emission maximum of 519 nm, while Alexa Fluor 568 has an excitation maximum of 578 nm and an emission maximum of 603 nm. These dyes can be used to label a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, for various applications such as flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and immunoassays.

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39 protocols using alexa fluor 488 and 568

1

Histological and Immunostaining Analysis of Vascular Grafts

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For standard histology and immunohistochemistry, vascular grafts were explanted, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin blocks were cut into 5 µm sections and stained for hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and orcein to study morphology, connective tissue, and elastic tissue, respectively. The following primary antibodies were used for immunostaining: anti-Ku80 (EPR9111(B), Abcam), anti-CD31 (557703, BDBiosciences), anti-human CD31 (DAKO, clone JC70A), anti-smooth muscle actin (Abcam), and Hoechst. Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (ThermoFisher Scientific) conjugated secondary antibodies were used. DAPI (4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole) nucleus staining was also used. Images were captured in Zeiss Axio Imager 2 or Nikon microscope (Eclipse 80i) connected to a camera (DS-Ri1; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and Elements software.
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol for Cells

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Cells of single well of 96 well plate were seeded either on Geltrex coated glass coverslips or in Geltrex coated Millicell EZ SLIDES (#PEZGS0816, Merck Millipore). Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (#43368, Alfa Aesar) for 10 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 0.3% Tween 20 (#822184, Merck Millipore) diluted in PBS for 1 hr at room temperature. All the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in blocking buffer consisting of 0.3 M glycine, 5% goat serum and 1% BSA in PBS. Final concentration of 10 µg/ml was used for all the primary antibodies and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used as secondary antibodies and were diluted in blocking buffer (1:1000) and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Nuclei were stained with Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI (#P36935, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Confocal microscopy images were taken by either Zeiss LSM 510 META or Leica TCS SP5 at Molecular Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bergen, and data analysis and image editing were done with Fiji43 (link). Antibodies are listed in Supplementary Table S2 online.
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3

Immunocytochemistry of Ciliogenesis in Cultured Cells

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Mouse IMCD3 (CRL-2123) and human hTERT-RPE1 (CRL-4000) cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) and penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen). Transient transfection of plasmid DNAs was conducted with FuGene HD (Promega) and siRNAs were transfected with RNAiMAX (Invitrogen). Cells were seeded on glass coverslips in 24-well plates and transfected with indicated DNAs or siRNAs following the manufacturer's instruction. After 24-48 h of transfection, cells were incubated in a serum-free medium for 24-36 h to induce ciliogenesis. For immunocytochemistry, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS followed by cold methanol. Samples were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2% normal goat serum in PBST (PBS+0.1% Triton X-100) and incubated with indicated primary antibodies in the blocking buffer for 2 h at room temperature. After washing in PBST, coverslips were incubated with goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Invitrogen). Coverslips were mounted on VectaShield mounting medium with DAPI (Vector laboratories) and images were taken with Olympus IX71 microscope.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cell Markers

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After deparaffinisation, the sections (4 μm) were cut and incubated with primary antibodies against Ki‐67 (ab16667; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), heparan sulfate 6‐O‐sulfotransferase 1 (HS6ST1, bs‐10701R; Bioss Antibodies, Woburn, MA, USA), endothelial cell‐specific molecule 1 (ESM 1; ab103590; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and the endothelial cell marker CD31 (M0823; Dako, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The target proteins were visualised using the VECTASTAIN Elite ABC system (Vector Laboratories) or the secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 and 568, Invitrogen) and Hoechst nuclear stain. The immuno‐related procedures used comply with the recommendations made by the British Journal of Pharmacology.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol for HMGB1 and Cytokeratin 7

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Cells were plated in 6-well plates, each containing 4 sterile 13-mm glass coverslips. When 80% confluent, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at RT. Cells were washed 3 times with PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, and 2 mM KH2PO4) and finally treated with 0.1% Triton/PBS for 15 min at RT. They were then blocked in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 h at RT. Primary antibodies, anti-HMGB1 (sc-74085; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or anti-Cytokeratin 7 (ab181598; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were diluted in 1% BSA in PBS. Cells were incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, followed by 3 washes with PBS and staining with the secondary antibodies, modified with Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) previously diluted in 1% BSA in PBS for 1 h at RT in the dark. For nuclear staining, after secondary antibody incubation, wells were washed 3 times and stained with Hoechst (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 5 min at RT in the dark. Cells were washed once with PBS and once with sterile distilled water. Each coverslip was mounted on a clean slide using ProLong™ Gold Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen). After drying, the slides were stored at 4 °C in the dark until they were examined by confocal microscopy (Nikon A1R). Meander’s correlation coefficient was calculated using Nis Elements software from Nikon.
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6

Immunostaining of Drosophila Larval Fat Body

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Larvae were inverted using fine forceps in 1× PBS at particular time points (as indicated in the figure legends). Inverted larvae were fixed in 8% paraformaldehyde for 40 minutes, washed in 1× PBS-0.1% TritonX (PBST), blocked for 2 hr at room temperature in 1× PBST with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Larvae were incubated overnight with primary antibody at 4°C, washed several times with 1× PBST and incubated with secondary antibody (1∶4000) for 2 hours, at room temperature. After few washes, fat bodies were isolated from these larvae using fine forceps and mounted on glass slides with cover slips using Vectashield (Vector Laboratories Inc., CA) mounting media. Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-FOXO (from Marc Tatar) and rabbit anti-dILP2. Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Invitrogen) were used as secondary antibodies. Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen) was used to stain nuclei. dILP2 immunostaining of larval brains was performed as described [54] (link).
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neuropeptidergic Neurons

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Cells were fixed in the wells with 4% PFA for 30 min at room temperature and washed 3 times with PBS. The cells were permeabilized with 0,15% Triton X with 2% bovine serum albumin and primary antibodies to NPY (#ab30914, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Vgat (MA5-24643, Invitrogen, Bleiswijk, The Netherland), synaptophysin (#A6442, Invitrogen, Bleiswijk, The Netherland), NPFFR2 (#NB300-169, Novus Biologicals), POMC (#ab73092, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), AgRP (#A1059-62U, Nordic Bio Site), TH (#ab137869, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CRH (#bs-0382R Bioss), MAP2 (#M4403, Sigma-Aldrich, Søborg, Denmark) and HuC (#A21271, Invitrogen, Bleiswijk, The Netherland) applied overnight. After a 3-time wash with PBS, the secondary antibodies (Alexa fluor 488 and 568, 1:400; Invitrogen, Bleiswijk, The Netherland) and DAPI (Hoechst 33342 Solution, #62249, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bleiswijk, The Netherland) were added for 1 h at room temperature. Images of immunostainings were produced using fluorescent microscope IX81 Olympus (Tokyo, Japan) with Olympus CellSens Dimension 2.3 software (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and analyzed with ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). For quantification of NPY, AGRP, GABA and POMC cell numbers, costaining with synaptophysin was used to determine the total number of neurons.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of Adherens Junctions

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Cells plated on glass coverslips were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) dissolved in PBS and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS. All the cells were blocked in 5% normal goat serum (NGS) for 1 h at room temperature and incubated with the indicated primary antibodies, diluted in PBS plus 1% NGS, overnight at 4°C. Coverslips were washed 3 times with PBS and then incubated with secondary antibody diluted in PBS plus 1% NGS for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were mounted in Vectashield mounting medium containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Laboratories). Images were collected on an LSM 510 Zeiss confocal microscope using a 40× oil objective. ImageJ was used to process the images.
The following antibodies were used: mouse anti-E-cadherin (BD Biosciences; 610182; 1:500), rabbit anti-LATS1 (Cell Signaling; 3477; 1:500), rabbit anti-LIMD1 (PVDF purified; 1:50), mouse anti-HA (Sigma H3663; 1:500), mouse anti-Myc 9E10 (Millipore; 05-419; 1:500), and rabbit anti-Flag (Sigma; F7425; 1:500). Secondary antibodies were conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Invitrogen; 1:250).
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9

Immunofluorescence Visualization of Neuronal Proteins

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Neurons grown on poly-D-lysin and laminin-coated glass coverslips were fixed in 4% (PFA) and permeabilized using 0.25% Triton X-100 before blocking in 1% BSA for 1 h at RT. Neurons were then incubated with primary antibodies directed against total tau (Tau5, 1:200 dilution), MAP2 (1:200 dilution), total AMPKα1/α2 (1:100 dilution), and activated AMPK (p-Thr172AMPK, 1:100 dilution) O/N at 4 °C, followed with anti-IgG secondary antibodies coupled to Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (1:500 dilution, Invitrogen). Nuclei were visualized with DAPI. Images were acquired on a Zeiss Axio Imager Z2 microscope (Carl Zeiss,Germany) equipped with a Hamamatsu ORCA-Flash4.0 digital camera (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) and ApoTome.2 system (Carl Zeiss,Germany). P-Thr172AMPK blocking peptide was used as a specificity control for the p-Thr172AMPK antibody. In these conditions, p-Thr172AMPK antibodies (200 μg/ml) were pre-incubated O/N at 4 °C with a five-fold excess of blocking peptide (1 mg/ml) in PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) before proceeding with the immunofluorescence protocol described above.
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10

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Embryos

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Embryos were fixed at the desired stages for 1–3 h using MAD fixative (2 parts methanol, Thermo Fisher; 2 parts acetone, Thermo Fisher; 1 part DMSO, Sigma). After fixation, embryos were dehydrated in methanol and stored at −20°C. Embryos were then processed for immunofluorescence as previously described25 (link). Briefly, embryos were gradually rehydrated in 0.5X SSC (1X SSC: 150 mM NaCl, 15 mM Na citrate, pH 7.0), then bleached with 2% H2O2 in 0.5X SSC with 5% formamide for 2 h under light. Embryos were washed with PBT (1X PBS, 0.1% Triton X-100, 2 mg/mL bovine serum albumin). Embryos were blocked in PBT supplemented with 10% goat serum and 5% DMSO for 1–3 h and incubated overnight at 4°C in PBT supplemented with 10% goat serum and primary antibodies. We used mouse anti-beta-tubulin (E7, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, 1:300 dilution) and rabbit anti-histone H3 (Abcam, 1:500 dilution). Embryos were then washed 4 × 2 h in PBT and incubated overnight at 4°C in PBT supplemented with goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies coupled to Alexa Fluor 488 and 568 (Invitrogen). Embryos were then washed 4 × 2 h in PBT and gradually dehydrated in methanol. Finally, embryos were cleared in Murray’s clearing medium (2 parts benzyl benzoate, Sigma; 1 part benzyl alcohol, Sigma). Embryos were placed in a reusable chamber (Thermo Fisher) for confocal microscopy.
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