For the elemental analysis, it was necessary to dissolve a sample of each of the obtained precipitates (1 g) in a 1:1 solution of water-concentrated hydrochloric acid. The solutions were analyzed in a PerkinElmer Analyst 200 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) to determine K, Fe and Cr. SO42− was determined by gravimetric analysis as BaSO4. The obtained solids were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a SIEMENS D-500 using Cu Kα radiation (1.54056 Å). Morphology of the solids was examined using a JEOL JSM-5900LV scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a noran energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The precipitates were also characterized using a Perkin Elmer–Frontier fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory to confirm water in the crystal structure and to validate the presented formulae. The obtained precipitates were wet-sieved to separate them by particle size with the Tyler mesh size series (USA Standard Testing Sieve, ASTME-11 specifications). The used mesh sizes were the following: 120 (d0 ≥ 125 μm), 170 (125 < d0 ≥ 90 μm), 200 (90 < d0 ≥ 75 μm), 270 (75 < d0 ≥ 53 μm), 325 (53 < d0 ≥ 44 μm), 400 (44 < d0 ≥ 38), and 500 (38 < d0 ≥ 25 μm).
Fourier transform infrared ftir spectrometer
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is a type of infrared spectroscopy instrument. It measures the absorption of different infrared wavelengths by a sample, producing a spectrum that can be used to identify and analyze the chemical composition of the material.
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Lab products found in correlation
Zetasizer nano z, by Malvern Panalytical (2 mentions)
Cary 60 uv spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Analyst 200, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Jsm 5900lv, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Lambda 950, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Multi a, by Quantifoil (1 mentions)
Mp x ray diffractometer, by STOE (1 mentions)
Evo ma10, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Uv 1800 uv visible spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Jsm 7100f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Agg3347n, by Agar Scientific (1 mentions)
Avance 300, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Dmax 3 c diffractometer, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Xl30 esem feg, by Philips (1 mentions)
Fei quanta 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
5100 icp oes, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
240c elemental analytical instrument, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Sz 100 nanoparticle analyzer, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Sta 449, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Invia qontor spectrometer, by Renishaw (1 mentions)
29 protocols using fourier transform infrared ftir spectrometer
1
Elemental Analysis and Characterization of Precipitates
2
Comprehensive Particle Characterization
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Size and morphology of the particles were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies using a ZEISS Leo912 microscope operated at an acceleration voltage of 120 kV. For sample preparation, diluted dispersions of the samples were prepared in ethanol, dropped onto a carbon-covered standard TEM grid (QUANTIFOIL Multi A) and dried under air. Phase purity and crystallinity of the samples was measured using a powder STOE-STADI MP X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) with Mo radiation (λ = 0.7093 Å) and measured peak patterns were compared to reference JCPDS files. Infrared spectra were acquired using a Perkin Elmer Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer between 400 and 4000 cm−1. UV-vis spectroscopy (LAMBDA 950 Perkin Elmer) was employed to detect the dye-labeled miRNA on the particle surface. Zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter of the particles were measured using aqueous dispersions (distilled water with a pH of 6.5) of the particles employing a Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS.
3
Characterization of CNT-DOX-Fe3O4-Tf Nanocomposites
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TEM analysis was carried out using Tecnai FEI G2 (accelerating voltage of 300 kV). The samples were prepared by placing a drop of CNT-DOX-Fe3O4-Tf suspensions (in DI water) onto a Formvar-covered copper grid. The water was allowed to evaporate in air at room temperature before imaging. FTIR spectral studies were carried out using a Perkin Elmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, USA in the range between 4000 and 400 cm−1, with a resolution of 2 cm−1. The UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded on Agilent Technologies Cary 60 UV spectrophotometer.
4
Mechanical and Physicochemical Characterization of Polymer Films
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Strength analysis
The tensile strength and extensibility of the film were determined at a load of 50 kg by fixing a film of size 7 cm × 2 cm on the tensile grip probe of the TAXT texture analyzer (Stable microsystems PVT Ltd, United Kingdom).
Color analysis
Ultrascan VIS color spectrophotometer (Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, VA, USA) was used to assess the color of film samples. Illuminant A (light source) was used to acquire CIE L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values. The observer angle was 10°, and the area view and port size (diameter) were 0.64 cm2 and 1.02 cm, respectively.
Fourier transform infrared of film
Perkin Elmer Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was used to record FTIR spectra of plain HPMC films and aqueous extracts infused films (Perkin-Elmer Co., USA).
0.3–0.5 mg of sample was combined with around 0.5 g of potassium bromide and pressed to form pellets with a diameter of 13 mm. Spectrum analysis was performed on each sample in the wavelength range of 4000–400 cm‒1 with a resolution of 4 cm‒1.[16 (link)]
Surface morphology
The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (HITACHI-S3400N, Japan). Each sample was positioned horizontally with a 90° angle on a stub using double-sided adhesive tape. An accelerating potential of 20.0 kV was used to evaluate all samples.[16 (link)]
The tensile strength and extensibility of the film were determined at a load of 50 kg by fixing a film of size 7 cm × 2 cm on the tensile grip probe of the TAXT texture analyzer (Stable microsystems PVT Ltd, United Kingdom).
Color analysis
Ultrascan VIS color spectrophotometer (Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, VA, USA) was used to assess the color of film samples. Illuminant A (light source) was used to acquire CIE L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values. The observer angle was 10°, and the area view and port size (diameter) were 0.64 cm2 and 1.02 cm, respectively.
Fourier transform infrared of film
Perkin Elmer Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was used to record FTIR spectra of plain HPMC films and aqueous extracts infused films (Perkin-Elmer Co., USA).
0.3–0.5 mg of sample was combined with around 0.5 g of potassium bromide and pressed to form pellets with a diameter of 13 mm. Spectrum analysis was performed on each sample in the wavelength range of 4000–400 cm‒1 with a resolution of 4 cm‒1.[16 (link)]
Surface morphology
The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (HITACHI-S3400N, Japan). Each sample was positioned horizontally with a 90° angle on a stub using double-sided adhesive tape. An accelerating potential of 20.0 kV was used to evaluate all samples.[16 (link)]
5
Characterization of Adsorbent Properties
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SEM analyses of the adsorbents were performed using a CARL ZEISS EVO MA10. Elemental content in fresh and exhausted adsorbents was determined using an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) detector (EDAX APOLLO X model) under an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The specific surface area was determined using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory in MicroActive Version 4.00 and the pore size distribution was obtained from analysis of the isotherms with the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. After degassing for 4 h at 150 °C, the textural properties of the sorbents were determined by N2 adsorption–desorption at 196 °C with a Quantachrome Autosorb 1C. The exact surface was extracted from the BET estimation. The surface area was obtained from the measurement of the BET isotherm, while the pore volumes and the standard pore volumes were calculated at P/Po = 0.98 using the N2 adsorption isotherm. TGA was performed using a Shimadzu thermal gravimetric analyser (TGA-50) with a sample mass of 1 g at 25–600 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere with a 20 mL/min flow rate. Powdered activated carbon samples were mixed with KBr prior to analysis. FTIR spectra were monitored over a frequency of 600 to 4000 cm−1 using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer from Perkin Elmer.
6
Comprehensive Structural and Optical Characterization of Synthesized Samples
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The structural investigations of the prepared samples were carried using a powder X-ray diffractograms (2θ = 5°–70°, Phillips powder diffractometer operating with copper Kα radiation source/λ = 1.54060 Å). The obtained XRD data were processed with X'Pert HighScore software, where the Miller indices (hkl) and their corresponding interplanar distance (dhkl) were identified.
The presence of the metal-oxide groups was studied using a PerkinElmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer in transmission mode, in the range 400–4000 cm−1.
The morphological properties and the surface elemental composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) of the synthesized samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (Model JEOL JSM7100F) coupled with EDX spectrometer using double-faced adhesive carbon pads (AGG3347N from Agar Scientific). In order to estimate the average grain size, the Image J software was then used.36 The optical properties were studied in the form of pellets using a UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Model Perkin- ELMER 365, 300–800 nm). The reflectance spectra were recorded between 300 and 800 nm. The photoluminescence measurements were recorded using a Jobin Yvon HR 250 spectrometer at room temperature with an excitation of 266 nm.
The optical absorption spectra were measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The presence of the metal-oxide groups was studied using a PerkinElmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer in transmission mode, in the range 400–4000 cm−1.
The morphological properties and the surface elemental composition (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) of the synthesized samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (Model JEOL JSM7100F) coupled with EDX spectrometer using double-faced adhesive carbon pads (AGG3347N from Agar Scientific). In order to estimate the average grain size, the Image J software was then used.36 The optical properties were studied in the form of pellets using a UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Model Perkin- ELMER 365, 300–800 nm). The reflectance spectra were recorded between 300 and 800 nm. The photoluminescence measurements were recorded using a Jobin Yvon HR 250 spectrometer at room temperature with an excitation of 266 nm.
The optical absorption spectra were measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 UV-visible spectrophotometer.
7
Atropine-CB[6] Interaction Analysis
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A Crison 2002 micro digital meter (sensitivity ± 0.1 mV) coupled to an Orion 605 electrode switcher from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) was used to measure the potential differences between the atropine electrodes and the reference electrode at 25 °C. The last consisted of a silver chloride/silver double junction electrode (Orion 90-02-00), with the external compartment filled with a 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 solution. The pH measurements were performed with a Crison pH electrode coupled to a pH Meter GLP22—Crison (Barcelona, Spain).
A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer from PerkinElmer Frontier (Beaconsfield, UK) equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory with a pressure arm to control the applied force and reduce sample-to-sample variability was used in the study of the interaction between atropine and CB[6]. Baseline correction, normalization, and peak positions were determined for all spectra by Spectrum software v.5.3.1., from the same brand.
1H NMR spectra were taken in DMSO-d6 at room temperature, on Bruker Avance 300 instrument (300.13 MHz; Wissembourg, France).
A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer from PerkinElmer Frontier (Beaconsfield, UK) equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory with a pressure arm to control the applied force and reduce sample-to-sample variability was used in the study of the interaction between atropine and CB[6]. Baseline correction, normalization, and peak positions were determined for all spectra by Spectrum software v.5.3.1., from the same brand.
1H NMR spectra were taken in DMSO-d6 at room temperature, on Bruker Avance 300 instrument (300.13 MHz; Wissembourg, France).
8
Comprehensive Characterization of Nanostructures
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The structural and chemical characterizations of the nanostructures on each prepared sample were analyzed using Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detector. Crystal structure analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD; Rigaku D/Max-IIIC diffractometer) with 1.54 Å Cu-Kα radiation and 2θ range of 20–80°. Absorption measurements were performed using a Perkin-Elmer UV-VIS Lambda 2S spectrometer. The Raman scattering measurements were performed using a micro Raman Renishhaw 2000 system with an excitation source of 514.5 nm at RT. The infrared spectra were recorded using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, Perkin Elmer, in transmittance mode at 450–4000 cm−1. Photocurrent density versus voltage (J-V) data were recorded using a Keithley 175A digital multimeter using a 0.01 V/s voltage ramp rate and an AM 1.5 solar simulator. The light source was a 250 W tungsten halogen lamp calibrated to irradiate the samples at 100 mW/cm2 using a radiometer (IL1700, International). The incident photon current efficiency (IPCE) was measured with a spectral resolution of 5 nm using a 300W xenon lamp (Newport/Oriel). A reference scan of incident photon flux was taken using a calibrated Si photodiode.
9
Comprehensive Characterization of Cellulose Derivatives
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The percent composition of the native cellulose oxidized cellulose and DiGu.MC samples were determined on a Perkin–Elmer 240C Elemental Analytical Instrument (USA). To investigate the successive functionalization of the substrate cellulosic fibers until he DiGu-MC is obtained, an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) supported Perkin–Elmer Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (USA) was utilized. The surface morphology of the samples was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI Quanta-200 FEI Company, The Netherlands). The fibers were sputtered and coated with gold before examinations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the solutions before and after removal experiments were quantified by Agilent's 5100ICP-OES (Agilent technologies. Melbourne, Australia). The TGA and DTA were recorded using Thermo analyzer Shimatzu DT40 (Japan) within a temperature range between 30 and 800 °C with 5 °C temperature break and under 20 mL/min flow rate of N2. The surface area of the modified cellulose was determined using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis.
10
Multifunctional Nanomaterial Characterization
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TEM analysis was performed using Tecnai FEI G2 (accelerating voltage of 300 kV). The samples were prepared by placing a drop of MFN suspension (in MilliQ water) onto a Formvar-covered copper grid. The suspension was allowed to dry in air at room temperature before imaging. Hydrodynamic diameter was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using HORIBA Scientific Nano Particle Analyzer SZ-100. FTIR spectra were recorded using a Perkin Elmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, USA in the range between 4000 and 400 cm−1, with a resolution of 2 cm−1. The UV–Vis absorption studies were carried out on Agilent Technologies Cary 60 UV spectrophotometer. Fluorescence analysis was carried out using an Agilent Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer in the range between 500 and 750 cm−1 at an excitation wavelength of 650 nm. The zeta potential values were measured using Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Zeta (ξ) potential analysis was conducted using phase analysis light scattering mode at room temperature.
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