Male 14-week-old Slc:ICR mice (Japan SLC, Inc.) were divided into three groups (n = 6/group) on the basis of body weight. After 16-h fasting, 3.3 ml/kg soybean oil (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd.) was orally administered by gastric sonde to all groups. Immediately after the procedure, 0.5 g/kg GDCH or 0.5 g/kg casein sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) at a concentration of 20 mg/ml in distilled water was similarly administered to the two groups, respectively. The same volume of distilled water was administered to the remaining group. Blood was collected from the tail vein using heparinized capillary tubes before (0 h) and 2, 4, 6 h after the administration. The blood samples were centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 min at 4 °C, and prepared plasma was stored at −80 °C until analysis of the blood lipids as described above.
Soybean oil
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan
Soybean oil is a versatile and widely used lab equipment product. It is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean plant. Soybean oil is commonly used as a base oil in various laboratory applications due to its chemical properties and accessibility.
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Lab products found in correlation
Cellulose, by Oriental Yeast (5 mentions)
Sucrose, by Oriental Yeast (5 mentions)
L cystine, by Fujifilm (4 mentions)
Casein, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
T butylhydroquinone, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
β cornstarch, by Oriental Yeast (3 mentions)
α cornstarch, by Oriental Yeast (3 mentions)
Casein, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
Casein sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Slc icr mice, by Japan SLC (1 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Tg e test wako, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
D glucose, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Transaminase cii test wako, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Na2hpo4, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Glucose cii test wako, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Hdl cholesterol e test wako, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ain76 mineral mixture, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
Cholesterol e test wako, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
16 protocols using soybean oil
1
Soybean Oil and Lipid Regulation in Mice
2
Dietary Oils Effect on Metabolism
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Soybean oil (SO) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Nomal rice bran oil (RBO) and rice bran oil containing a high concentration of OZ (HOZ) were provided from Tsuno Food Industrial Co., Ltd. (Wakayama, Japan). RBO and HOZ contained about 0.17% and 1.36% OZ respectively, quantified based on a modified ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric (325 nm) method [4 (link)]. The AIN93G premix, containing all AIN93G ingredients except for corn starch and fat source, was obtained from Research Diets, Inc. (New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.). Test diets were AIN93G (containing 7% (w/w) fat as SO) and three types of high-fat diets; SO-HF (containing 20% (w/w) SO), RBO-HF (containing 20% (w/w) RBO), and HOZ-HF (containing 20% (w/w) HOZ). High-fat diets were prepared from the AIN93G premix, to which 20% test oil and corn starch (W-LIP, JAPAN CORN STARCH CO., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for weight adjustment were added. Details of the diet composition are shown in Table 1 .
3
Comparison of Dietary Carbohydrate Sources
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Cellulose, α- and β-cornstarch, and sucrose were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). t-Butylhydroquinone, casein, l -cystine, and soybean oil were from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The lard, mineral mixture (AIN-93M-Mix), and vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX) were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
4
Analysis of Blacklip Abalone Compounds
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Viscera were obtained from Australian Blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) cultured in Australia, frozen, and shipped. d (+)-Glucose, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, NaOH, soybean oil, tert-butylhydroquinone, NaCl, isoflurane, glucose CII-Test Wako, TG E-Test Wako, cholesterol E-Test Wako, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol E-Test Wako, and transaminase CII-Test Wako were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). D2O was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and the ACE-kit WST was purchased from Dojin Molecular Technology, Inc. (Kumamoto, Japan). Plate count agar with bromocresol purple was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and acetonitrile was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-Corn starch, casein, α-corn starch, sucrose, cellulose, AIN76 mineral mixture, AIN76A vitamin mixture, and l -cysteine were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).
5
Dietary Supplement Composition Analysis
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EPA (95.0% purity) was purchased from Combi-blocks, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). α-LA (>98.0% purity), casein, soybean oil, l -cystine, and t-butylhydroquinone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Cellulose, α-cornstarch, β-cornstarch, and sucrose were obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Vitamin mix (AIN-93-VX) and mineral mix (AIN-93G-Mix) were from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
6
Determination of Water and Oil Holding Capacities
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To determine the WHC, 1 g of samples (wet basis) were dispersed in 25 mL of Ultrapure water (Sartorius Arium® Pro) in a pre-weighed centrifuge tube, and homogenized for 3 min. The dispersions were kept for 30 min at RT to allow the absorption of water. Then, the samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000× g. The supernatant was discarded, and the tubes were kept upside-down to remove all the water for 1 min. Then, the tubes with the pellets were weighed again and the WHC was determined by the difference between the initial and final weights. The same procedure was adopted to determine OHC, using soybean oil (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) instead of water. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate.
7
Preparation of AP-C12 Containing LUVs
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A stock solution of AP-C12 in chloroform was diluted with soybean oil (FUJIFILM Wako), followed by heating under vacuum to remove chloroform. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing AP-C12 were prepared as follows. Dry lipid film was prepared from chloroform solution of 1,2-dioleoy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and AP-C12 in 200/1 molar ratio. The film was hydrated with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to make the final concentration of the lipid as 1 mM, and LUVs were prepared with the aid of sonication. Obtained vesicle solution was extruded through a 100 nm pore polycarbonate filter (10 times) using Avanti Mini-Extruder. LUVs solution was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Regarding an aqueous solution, a stock solution of AP-C12 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was diluted with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 1% DMSO as a co-solvent).
8
Astaxanthin Quantification by HPLC
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High-purity (all-E)-astaxanthin standard, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade organic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and dichloromethane [CH2Cl2]), and soybean oil were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp. (Osaka, Japan). Analytical-grade ethanol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan).
9
Quantification of Phytosterol Esters in Soybean Oil
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RBOZ was received from Tsuno Food Industry Co., Ltd. (Wakayama, Japan). The purity of RBOZ as OZ equivalent was determined as 99.7% based on ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric (325 nm) analysis [16 ]. Standard CA-FA was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Other OZ standards (i.e., 24MCA-FA, Camp-FA, and Sito-FA) were obtained in accordance with our previous report [13 (link)]. FA and FA 4-O-β-d -glucuronide disodium salt were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada), and FA 4-O-sulfate disodium salt was purchased from Carbosynth, Ltd. (Berkshire, U.K.). Soybean oil was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
10
Synthesis of Silane-Modified Soybean Oil
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Methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS) was purchased from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and soybean oil were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. These materials were used as received.
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